");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;padding:0;background-size:16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.breaking--news__banner .posts-custom .widget__headline-text:after{margin-left:8px;}}.search__wrapper{z-index:0;opacity:0;position:fixed;left:0;line-height:40px;display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin:auto;max-width:985px;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:auto;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;}.search__wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;}.search-modal_close-pop-up{position:fixed;right:20px;top:20px;height:40px;width:40px;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:flex-end;}.search__wrapper__inner{max-width:985px;width:100%;display:grid;padding:160px 12px;}.search-modal-heading{padding-bottom:8px;border-width:0;border-style:solid;border-bottom-width:2px;}.search-widget form{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr auto;grid-gap:12px;max-width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.search-widget__input{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;background-color:#fff;padding:0 12px;border-radius:var(--1x, 4px);background-size:15px 15px;background-position:12px;background-repeat:no-repeat;}.search-widget__submit{background-color:var(--brand-red-color);color:#fff;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:var(--replica-pro) !important;}.search-widget__submit{position:relative;width:47px;height:47px;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:24px 24px;}.search-widget__submit.fa:before{display:none;}.search-modal-latest-stories{margin-top:32px;background:#fff;padding:20px;}@media (min-width: 768px){.search-widget__input{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");padding:0 12px 0 40px;}}@media (min-width: 768px){.search-widget__submit{padding:12px 16px;display:inline-flex;border-radius:4px;align-items:center;text-align:center;justify-content:center;background-image:none;width:113px;height:50px;font-family:var(--replica-pro) !important;}}@media (min-width: 768px){.search-widget__submit:after{content:"Search";display:block;}}@media (min-width: 768px){.search__wrapper__inner{margin:auto;}}body:has(.newsletter-element__form .notification) #notification{display:none !important;}.article .body .newsletter-element__form ul li:before{display:none;}.search-widget .show-error .search-widget__input::placeholder{color:#d02b25;opacity:1;}.show-error .search-widget__input::-moz-placeholder{color:#d02b25;}.share-facebook, .share-facebook:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-twitter, .share-twitter:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-linkedin, .share-linkedin:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-instagram, .share-instagram:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-email, .share-email:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-pinterest, .share-pinterest:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-youtube, .share-youtube:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-facebook, .hamburger .share-facebook:hover, .footer .share-facebook, .footer .share-facebook:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-twitter, .hamburger .share-twitter:hover, .footer .share-twitter, .footer .share-twitter:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-twitter:hover, .share-tw:hover{background-color:var(--primary-text-color);opacity:1 !important;}.hamburger .share-linkedin, .hamburger .share-linkedin:hover, .footer .share-linkedin, .footer .share-linkedin:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-instagram, .hamburger .share-instagram:hover, .footer .share-instagram, .footer .share-instagram:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-email, .hamburger .share-email:hover, .footer .share-email, .footer .share-email:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-pinterest, .hamburger .share-pinterest:hover, .footer .share-pinterest, .footer .share-pinterest:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-youtube, .hamburger .share-youtube:hover, .footer .share-youtube, .footer .share-youtube:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.social-links.social-links .social-links__link:hover, .sticky-share .widget .widget__shares a:hover, .posts-custom .widget__shares a:hover{background-color:#0000;filter:brightness(0) saturate() invert(25%) sepia(34%) saturate(5144%) hue-rotate(361deg) brightness(82%) contrast(188%);}.footer .social-links.social-links .social-links__link:hover{border-color:#fff;filter:none;}.search-tooltip:after{content:"";display:block;width:15px;height:7px;position:absolute;top:-7px;left:16px;background:url("data:image/svg+xml, ") center no-repeat;}.podcast-teaser .widget__head > a:before{content:"";background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");width:26px;position:absolute;left:10px;bottom:10px;background-repeat:no-repeat;height:26px !important;}.generic-slideshow .posts-custom .slick-arrow:before{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;top:0;margin:auto;font-size:21px;font-weight:400;content:"";width:.45em;height:.45em;border-right:.14em solid #fff;border-top:.14em solid #fff;opacity:1;}.generic-slideshow .posts-custom .slick-arrow.slick-prev:before{transform:rotate(224deg);margin-left:.58em;}.generic-slideshow .posts-custom .slick-arrow.slick-next:before{transform:rotate(45deg);margin-right:.58em;}@media (min-width: 768px){.generic-slideshow .posts-custom .slick-arrow:before{font-size:38px;}}.btn, .search-detail .search-widget__submit, .btn-wrapper > .text-element, .breaking--news__banner .posts-custom .widget__headline-text:after, .keep_reading_link{align-items:center;border-radius:5px;border-style:solid;border-width:2px;display:inline-flex;justify-content:center;padding:8px 16px;text-align:center;text-transform:capitalize;font-family:var(--replica-mono) !important;}.btn:hover, .btn a:hover, .btn-wrapper > .text-element a:hover{text-decoration:none;}.btn.button-load-more, .button-load-more-custom{background-color:var(--brand-red-color);border:0;border-radius:5px;color:var(--background-color);display:block;line-height:20px;font-family:var(--replica-mono);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;margin:16px auto 0;padding:16px;text-align:center;text-transform:capitalize;width:fit-content;}.body-description .widget__show-more{display:none;}.snark-line:has(.keep_reading_link){display:grid;justify-content:center;width:100%;}a.widget__play.js-show-video:hover svg{opacity:1;}.btn.button-load-more{padding:16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.btn, .search-detail .search-widget__submit, .btn-wrapper > .text-element{padding:12px 16px;}}.social-links .social-links__link:hover, .btn:hover, .btn-wrapper > .text-element:hover, .search-widget__submit:hover, .keep_reading_link, .keep_reading_link:hover, .btn.button-load-more:hover, .search_toggle:hover, .widget .widget__shares a:hover, .tags .tags__item:hover, .main-events__carousel a.btn:hover{opacity:.9;text-decoration:none;}.btn:not(.log-in):active, .search-widget__submit:active{background-color:var(--primary-text-color);}.main-events__carousel a.btn:hover{background-color:#0000;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.btn:not(.log-in):hover, .search-widget__submit:hover{background-color:var(--primary-text-color);}}.badge-list-normal .badge:hover{text-decoration:none;}.open-source-report .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .post-page-container .main-column .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .post-page-container .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, [id^="sPost_Satic_Page_Layout"] .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .widget__body:empty, .topbar .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .five-in-a-row .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .podcasts .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{content:none;}.image-on-left .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col .widget__body:not(:last-child), .dead-drop .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{display:none;}.widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .aside-below-post .aside-top-5-module .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .related.related .related__posts.related__posts .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{content:"";outline:1px solid #f0f0f0;line-height:1.4;display:block;aspect-ratio:3 / 2;background-image:url("/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy81NjI5NjMxMS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc4OTExOTY5MH0.N8vNxg7eQd17HrmYActOKgI8gYd_PaxEtZ0gqyY8Mp8/img.png?width=210");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;background-position:center;margin-bottom:10px;}.three-in-a-row .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{;}.recirculation_post.recirculation_post .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .related.related .related__posts.related__posts .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{content:"";aspect-ratio:1 / 1;padding:0;background-color:var(--white-color);outline:1px solid #f0f0f0;}.vertical-list .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{width:80px;height:80px;float:right;padding:0;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{order:1;padding:0;}.small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{aspect-ratio:1 / 1;width:80px;padding:0;float:right;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .image-on-left .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{margin-bottom:0;}.widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col a.widget__headline-text:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}.view-all-link:hover svg path{stroke:var(--primary-text-color);}.book-review__item-info a:not(.more-btn):hover{color:var(--brand-red-color);text-decoration:none;}.book-reviews .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{content:none;}:root{--background-color:#fff;--primary-text-color:#11151c;--secondary-text-color:#757575;--tertiary-text-color:#838685;--brand-red-color:#d21c36;--borders-color:#d9d9d6;--blue-color:#0a1430;--large-line-height:1.6;--normal-line-height:1.45;--small-line-height:1.2;--replica-pro:ReplicaPro, sans-serif;--replica-mono:ReplicaMono, sans-serif;--merriweather:Merriweather, serif;}.search_toggle{height:16px;width:16px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24' fill='none'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M18.319 14.4326C20.7628 11.2941 20.542 6.75347 17.6569 3.86829C14.5327 0.744098 9.46734 0.744098 6.34315 3.86829C3.21895 6.99249 3.21895 12.0578 6.34315 15.182C9.22833 18.0672 13.769 18.2879 16.9075 15.8442C16.921 15.8595 16.9351 15.8745 16.9497 15.8891L21.1924 20.1317C21.5829 20.5223 22.2161 20.5223 22.6066 20.1317C22.9971 19.7412 22.9971 19.1081 22.6066 18.7175L18.364 14.4749C18.3493 14.4603 18.3343 14.4462 18.319 14.4326ZM16.2426 5.28251C18.5858 7.62565 18.5858 11.4246 16.2426 13.7678C13.8995 16.1109 10.1005 16.1109 7.75736 13.7678C5.41421 11.4246 5.41421 7.62565 7.75736 5.28251C10.1005 2.93936 13.8995 2.93936 16.2426 5.28251Z' fill='%2311151C'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-size:18px 18px;}.topbar-row-1{margin-top:24px;}.topbar-row-1-inner{display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:center;}.site-byline-timer-trending{display:grid;}.site-byline{font-family:var(--merriweather);font-size:17.6px;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;line-height:26.4px;margin-bottom:8px;}.site-time{color:var(--secondary-text-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:13.3px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.trending-links, .trending-links .posts-custom, .trending-links ul li a{font-size:14.4px;line-height:21.6px;font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-style:normal;font-weight:400;text-transform:uppercase;display:flex;gap:7px;}.trending-links-heading{color:var(--secondary-text-color);font-size:12.488px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:21.6px;}.trending-links .widget .widget__body{padding:0;}.trending-links ul{display:flex;padding:0;margin:0;gap:11px;list-style:none;}.trending-links ul a{color:var(--brand-red-color);}.topbar-social-n-sign-up{margin-left:auto;display:grid;grid-gap:13px;}.auth-buttons{display:flex;gap:15px;}.auth-buttons .btn{padding:10px;border-radius:5px;border:2px solid var(--brand-red-color);color:var(--White, #fff);text-align:center;font-family:var(--replica-mono);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:20px;}.auth-buttons .sign-up{background-color:var(--brand-red-color);}.auth-buttons .log-in{color:var(--brand-red-color);}.mobile-menu-search-btn-wrapper{display:none;}.auth-buttons .sign-up:hover{background-color:var(--primary-text-color);border-color:var(--primary-text-color);}.auth-buttons .log-in:hover{border:2px solid var(--primary-text-color);color:var(--primary-text-color);}@media (max-width: 1200px){.mobile-menu-search-btn-wrapper{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:20px;margin-left:auto;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-1 .search_toggle, .topbar-row-1 .hamburger__toggle{width:21px;height:21px;order:2;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-1 .search_toggle{background-size:22px;order:-1;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.hamburger__toggle{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:21px 19px;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.trending-links{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-social-n-sign-up .sm-mb-2{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar{position:relative;padding-top:30px;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-1{margin-top:0;padding:20px 0;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.auth-buttons{position:absolute;width:100%;top:0;left:0;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;height:30px;gap:0;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.auth-buttons .btn{padding:6px;justify-content:center;height:100%;border-radius:0;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.site-byline-timer-trending{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.site-logo{height:41px;width:auto;}}@media (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 768px){.topbar-row-1{padding:15px 10px;}}.topbar-row-2{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;border-top:1px solid var(--Borders, #d9d9d6);border-bottom:1px solid var(--Borders, #d9d9d6);margin-top:32px;margin-bottom:11px;align-items:center;}.navbar .menu_items{display:flex;gap:17px;align-items:center;justify-content:start;}.navbar .menu_items a{color:var(--primary-text-color);}.navbar .menu_item:hover .text-element a, .navbar .menu__dropdown .list a:hover{color:var(--brand-red-color);}.navbar .menu_item{position:relative;padding:19px 0;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:2px;text-align:center;font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:17px;text-transform:uppercase;}.navbar .menu_item .dropdown-arrow{height:16px;width:16px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;}.navbar .menu_item .dropdown-arrow:after{content:"";width:0;height:0;border-style:solid;border-width:4px 4px 0;border-color:var(--primary-text-color) transparent transparent transparent;transform:rotate(0deg);}.navbar .menu_item:hover .dropdown-arrow:after{border-color:var(--brand-red-color) transparent transparent transparent;transform:rotate(180deg);}.navbar .menu__dropdown{position:absolute;top:43px;left:0;height:auto;pointer-events:none;overflow:hidden;max-height:0;transition:all .4s;opacity:0;padding:5px;margin-left:-5px;}.navbar .menu_item:hover .menu__dropdown{max-height:calc(100vh - 200px);opacity:1;pointer-events:initial;z-index:3;}.navbar .menu__dropdown .list{background:var(--White, #fff);box-shadow:0 0 5.2px #00000040;list-style:none;margin:0;min-width:200px;padding:16px;width:fit-content;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-shrink:0;text-align:left;}.navbar .menu__dropdown .list a{padding:8px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);flex-shrink:0;display:inline-flex;}.navbar .menu__dropdown .list a:last-child{padding-bottom:0;border:0;}.menu_item.trending-item{display:none;}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-2{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-3{border-top:1px solid var(--borders-color);}}.hamburger{transition:all .4s;padding:24px 24px 120px;transform:translateX(-100%);position:fixed;top:0;z-index:999999;height:100vh;overflow:auto;background-color:var(--primary-text-color);color:#fff;width:312px;}.hamburger a{color:#fff;}.hamburger_inner{display:grid;grid-gap:32px;}.hamburger__menu{display:flex;}.hamburger__menu .trending-item{order:-1;}.hamburger .menu_item{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;border-bottom:1px solid #58606f75;flex-wrap:wrap;}.hamburger .menu_item:first-child{border-top:1px solid #58606f75;}.hamburger .menu_item .text-element{padding:16px 0;position:relative;color:#fff;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:17px;text-transform:uppercase;}.hamburger .menu__dropdown{display:block;width:100%;}.hamburger .dropdown-arrow{display:flex;height:16px;width:16px;align-items:center;margin-left:auto;justify-content:center;}.hamburger .dropdown-arrow:before{margin-left:0;border-style:solid;border-width:4px 4px 0;border-color:#fff #0000 #0000;cursor:pointer;content:"";}.hamburger .active .dropdown-arrow:before{transform:rotate(180deg);}.hamburger .menu__dropdown .list{max-height:0;overflow:hidden;opacity:0;margin:0;list-style:none;}.hamburger .menu__dropdown .list a{width:100%;position:relative;padding:0;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:130%;}.hamburger-social{display:grid;align-items:center;grid-gap:16px;}.hamburger-social .text-element{font-size:14px;line-height:17px;}.hamburger .social-links{justify-content:start;}.footer .social-links__link, .hamburger .social-links__link{height:40px;width:40px;border-radius:20px;border:1px solid #ffffff1a;}.membership-popup{display:none;padding:40px 40px 24px;border:1px solid;width:fit-content;margin:auto;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;max-width:550px;position:fixed;background:#fff;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;max-height:fit-content;z-index:10000000;}.membership-popup img.image-element__img{max-width:190px;}p.welcome-message, p.expired-message{font-family:var(--merriweather);font-size:20px;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;line-height:var(--small-line-height);text-align:center;margin:24px 0 32px;}label.signin-message{font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:20px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:145%;width:100%;margin-bottom:8px;}input#member-email-input{border-radius:5px;border:1px solid var(--borders-color);height:56px;padding:8px 16px;margin-bottom:16px;width:100%;}.membership-popup .btn{padding:10px;border-radius:5px;border:2px solid var(--brand-red-color);color:#fff;text-align:center;font-family:var(--replica-mono);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:20px;background:var(--brand-red-color);transition:all .15s ease-in;margin-bottom:16px;width:100%;outline:none;}.membership-popup .btn.outlined{background-color:#0000;color:var(--brand-red-color);}.membership-popup .btn:hover{border-color:var(--primary-text-color);}.membership-popup .btn.outlined:hover{color:var(--primary-text-color);}.membership-popup:has(input#member-email-input:invalid) input#member-continue-input{cursor:not-allowed;opacity:.8;}button.membership_close-pop-up{position:absolute;right:20px;top:20px;filter:invert();}p.member-signup-wrapper{width:100%;padding:0;margin:0;position:relative;}.member-signup-wrapper:before{content:"→";display:block;position:absolute;top:9px;left:54%;opacity:0;transition:all .15s ease-in;}p.member-signup-wrapper:hover:before{left:59%;opacity:1;}p.error-message{color:var(--brand-red-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:145%;text-align:left;width:100%;}p.expired-message span{font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:145%;display:block;margin-top:8px;}.btn.log-in.unlogged{cursor:pointer;}.member-email-input-wrapper{position:relative;}#email-field-clean{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMTQiIGhlaWdodD0iMTQiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNCAxNCIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj4KPHBhdGggZD0iTTEzLjk5OTkgMS40MUwxMi41ODk5IDBMNi45OTk5NCA1LjU5TDEuNDA5OTQgMEwtNi4xMDM1MmUtMDUgMS40MUw1LjU4OTk0IDdMLTYuMTAzNTJlLTA1IDEyLjU5TDEuNDA5OTQgMTRMNi45OTk5NCA4LjQxTDEyLjU4OTkgMTRMMTMuOTk5OSAxMi41OUw4LjQwOTk0IDdMMTMuOTk5OSAxLjQxWiIgZmlsbD0iIzE5MTkxOSIvPgo8L3N2Zz4K");}#email-field-clean{font-size:0;background-size:15px;background-position:50%;position:absolute;right:15px;top:20px;z-index:10;width:14px;height:14px;background-repeat:no-repeat;cursor:pointer;opacity:0;}.user-profile{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-bottom:20px;row-gap:20px;}.user-profile__image-container{aspect-ratio:1 / 1;max-width:105px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;}.user-profile__image{height:100%;width:100%;object-fit:cover;object-position:top;}.user-profile__info-header{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;}.user-profile__title{color:var(--primary-text-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:20px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:140%;margin:0;}.user-profile__caption{color:var(--primary-text-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:140%;margin:0;}.user-profile__info{display:flex;flex-direction:column;row-gap:10px;}.user-profile__info-body{color:var(--secondary-text-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:16px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--normal-line-height);}.module-profile{display:grid;}article .body-description{font-size:20px;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col{display:block;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{float:right;width:31.4%;margin-left:10px;}.widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .widget__headline{margin-bottom:10px;}.three-in-a-row .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{margin-bottom:10px;}.container.module:has(.module-profile){margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px;}.experts-page .module__heading.module__heading{text-transform:none;}.experts-page .small-items{margin-top:0;padding-top:0;border-top:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.container.module:has(.module-profile){margin-top:24px;margin-bottom:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{margin-left:16px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module-profile{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);grid-template-columns:1fr 426px;padding-bottom:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module__main-column{border-right:1px solid var(--borders-color);padding-right:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module__sidebar{padding-left:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.user-profile{column-gap:20px;flex-direction:row;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.user-profile__image-container{max-height:148px;max-width:148px;min-height:148px;min-width:148px;}}.image-on-right .widget .col{display:grid;gap:10px;grid-template-columns:1fr 43.1%;grid-template-rows:auto 1fr;}.image-on-right .widget{padding-top:16px;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);padding-bottom:16px;}.image-on-right .widget .widget__headline{font-family:var(--merriweather);font-size:17px;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;line-height:var(--small-line-height);display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:5;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden;visibility:visible;}.image-on-right .widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:var(--brand-red-color);text-decoration:none;transition:all .2s;}.image-on-right .widget .body-description{font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:20px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--normal-line-height);}@media (max-width: 1023px){.image-on-right-container{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);padding-bottom:16px;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.module__sidebar{padding-top:16px;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.image-on-right .widget__body + .widget__body{float:left;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{width:153px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget .col{grid-template-columns:1fr 266px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget{padding-top:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget:not(:last-child){padding-bottom:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget .widget__headline, .image-on-right .widget .body-description{font-size:20px;}}.module__heading{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);display:flex;gap:10px;font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:24px;font-style:normal;font-weight:850;line-height:var(--small-line-height);margin:0;padding-bottom:16px;}.module__heading:before{background-color:var(--brand-red-color);content:"";height:29px;width:5px;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module__heading{font-size:28px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module__heading:before{height:34px;}}.three-in-a-row{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);padding-bottom:16px;margin-bottom:16px;}.three-in-a-row .widget .widget__body{row-gap:10px;}.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:before{content:"";display:block;width:calc(100% + 33px);height:1px;background-color:var(--borders-color);border:solid #fff;border-width:16px 0;}.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(3n):before{width:100%;}.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(3n){border-right:0;}.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(1):before{content:none;}.three-in-a-row article .body-description{display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:5;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden;visibility:visible;}@media (max-width: 1023px){.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:before{width:100%;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(2):before, .three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(3):before{content:none;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget{padding:16px 16px 0;border-right:1px var(--borders-color) solid;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(3), .three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(6){border-right:0;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(1), .three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(2), .three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(3){padding-top:0;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper{margin:0 -16px;}}.small-items{margin-top:16px;padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid var(--borders-color);}.small-items .widget .widget__headline{min-height:80px;width:calc(100% - 100px);}.small-items .three-in-a-row .widget .widget__body{display:block;}.small-items .three-in-a-row .body{margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}.trending:not(:has(.widget)) .btn.button-load-more{display:none;}.trending:not(:has(.widget)) div{padding:0;margin:0;border:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.body{margin-left:0;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:first-child:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(2):not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(3):not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:first-child .widget__head, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(2) .widget__head, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(3) .widget__head, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:first-child .widget__head img.rm-lazyloadable-image, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(2) .widget__head img.rm-lazyloadable-image, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(3) .widget__head img.rm-lazyloadable-image{aspect-ratio:3 / 2;height:auto;width:100%;float:none;}}.footer{background-color:var(--blue-color);color:var(--background-color);padding:24px 16px;}.footer-inner{text-align:left;display:grid;padding:0;grid-gap:30px;width:100%;}.footer-inner > :not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--vertical-spacing-between-items);}.footer .list{display:flex;justify-content:center;gap:7px;flex-wrap:wrap;}.footer .list__item{margin:0;flex-shrink:0;padding:0;}.footer a{color:var(--background-color);}.footer-inner__first .image-element__img{max-width:280px;}.footer-inner__first, .footer-inner__third{color:var(--background-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:12.4px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:19.2px;}.footer-inner__first .list{justify-content:normal;margin-top:8px;}.footer-inner__third .list{margin:8px 0 30px;justify-content:flex-start;}.copyright, .copyright a{color:var(--borders-color);}.footer .social-links{justify-content:normal;gap:20px;}.footer-links{font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--large-line-height);text-transform:uppercase;gap:57px;display:flex;max-width:300px;white-space:nowrap;}.footer-links .list{flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:nowrap;width:300px;justify-content:flex-start;gap:14px;text-align:left;}.footer-inner__third .footer-inquiries{font-size:14.4px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--large-line-height);margin-top:16px;}.footer-inner__third .footer-inquiries a{display:block;text-decoration:underline;font-weight:bold;}.footer-inner__first .list__item{text-decoration:underline;}.footer-inner__first .list__item:hover, .footer-inner__third .footer-inquiries a:hover{text-decoration:none;}.copyright.desktop{display:none;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.footer-inner{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:flex-start;flex-wrap:wrap;text-align:left;gap:0;width:100%;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.footer{padding:50px 70px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.footer-inner .text-element{margin-top:8px;width:100%;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.footer-inner__first .image-element__img{margin-bottom:30px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.copyright.mobile{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.copyright.desktop{display:block;}}
Ambassador Gary Grappo | Expert - The Cipher Brief
Skip to content
Your Trusted Source for National Security News & Analysis
June 23rd, 2025 | 06:11 PM
Former U.S. Ambassador to Oman
Ambassador Gary Grappo served as Minister Counselor for Political Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad; U.S. Ambassador to the Sultanate of Oman; and Charge d’Affaires and Deputy Chief of Mission of the U.S. Embassy in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He’s currently a Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Middle East Studies at the Korbel School for International Studies, University of Denver.
EDITOR'S NOTE — Since Donald Trump’s victory in the November 5 election, The Cipher Brief has reached out to our network of experts for thoughts on what the priorities ought to be for the second [...]
More
Cipher Brief Expert Gary Grappo is a former U.S. ambassador who held senior positions including Minister Counselor for Political Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad; U.S. Ambassador to the Sultanate of Oman; and Charge d’Affaires and Deputy Chief of Mission of the U.S. Embassy in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He’s currently a Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Middle East Studies at the Korbel School for International Studies, University of Denver.
OPINION - The Biden administration faces an important decision point in its negotiations with Iran over rejoining the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. Decisions made now and the signals they send to Tehran will determine whether the two sides can reach an agreement. They also will determine whether any such agreement, if concluded, can outlast Mr. Biden’s administration.
After months, the negotiations have now come to a standstill, presumably to give the newly elected president of Iran, Ebrahim Raisi, and his cabinet time to review progress and potential new directions. Considerable progress had reportedly been made before the Iranian team called off talks in June.
However, subsequent events also have altered the circumstances surrounding the negotiations for the US side. Interpreting those events, as in many things Iranian, is problematic. Three in particular, stand out.
First, there is the (predictable) election of Mr. Raisi, a notable hardliner, as Iran’s new president. With his elevation to the presidency, hardliners effectively control all the decision-making bodies of the Iranian government for the first time since 1988. Hardliners’ positions, especially those of the Supreme Leader and the IRGC, on the US and the JCPOA – uniformly negative – are well known. But at least under the previous president, Hassan Rouhani, there was a willing participant in the negotiations. Mr. Rouhani is now relegated to the traditional obscurity of former presidents in post-revolution Iranian politics, deprived of voice and influence.
Second, Supreme leader Ali Khamenei, has vacillated at times as to the utility of a renewed JCPOA but his views now seem to have hardened on a renewed JCPOA. This may be in response to some of the demands sought by the US side, e.g., extending the sunset clauses on Iran’s nuclear program and incorporating important references to regional security. As recently as late July and only days before the inauguration of the new president, Khamenei publicly asserted that, “Trust with the West does not work,” a seeming repudiation of the original JCPOA and a presumed message to his new president on a renewed agreement. Other senior officials have voiced similar reservations about the JCPOA dating back to the Obama administration, but none more clear than the Supreme Leader’s.
Keep reading... Show less
More from Ambassador Gary Grappo
Gary Grappo is a former U.S. ambassador who held senior positions including Minister Counselor for Political Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad; [...]
More 10 December 2020
Gary Grappo is a former U.S. ambassador who held senior positions including Minister Counselor for Political Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad; [...]
More 28 October 2020
Gary Grappo is a former U.S. ambassador who held senior positions including Minister Counselor for Political Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad; [...]
More 24 August 2020
Sultan Qaboos bin Said, the ruler of Oman and the Middle East’s longest serving ruler, died on January 10 after nearly 50 years in power. Oman, under [...]
More 16 January 2020
OPINION — Events in Washington last week were gut-wrenching for many, not least for America’s Foreign Service and the two million other public [...]
More 18 November 2019
Gary Grappo is a former U.S. ambassador who served as Minister Counselor for Political Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad; U.S. Ambassador to the [...]
More 16 October 2019
Gary Grappo is a former U.S. ambassador who held senior positions including Minister Counselor for Political Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad; [...]
More 25 July 2019
There was never any question that America’s relationship with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia would become one of its most important in the region and [...]
More 21 February 2019
Saudi Arabia and its crown prince, Mohammed bin Salman, (MbS) are confronting a crisis. How they manage to extricate the kingdom will have [...]
More 29 October 2018
Load more