");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;padding:0;background-size:16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.breaking--news__banner .posts-custom .widget__headline-text:after{margin-left:8px;}}.search__wrapper{z-index:0;opacity:0;position:fixed;left:0;line-height:40px;display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin:auto;max-width:985px;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:auto;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;}.search__wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;}.search-modal_close-pop-up{position:fixed;right:20px;top:20px;height:40px;width:40px;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:flex-end;}.search__wrapper__inner{max-width:985px;width:100%;display:grid;padding:160px 12px;}.search-modal-heading{padding-bottom:8px;border-width:0;border-style:solid;border-bottom-width:2px;}.search-widget form{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr auto;grid-gap:12px;max-width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.search-widget__input{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;background-color:#fff;padding:0 12px;border-radius:var(--1x, 4px);background-size:15px 15px;background-position:12px;background-repeat:no-repeat;}.search-widget__submit{background-color:var(--brand-red-color);color:#fff;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:var(--replica-pro) !important;}.search-widget__submit{position:relative;width:47px;height:47px;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:24px 24px;}.search-widget__submit.fa:before{display:none;}.search-modal-latest-stories{margin-top:32px;background:#fff;padding:20px;}@media (min-width: 768px){.search-widget__input{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");padding:0 12px 0 40px;}}@media (min-width: 768px){.search-widget__submit{padding:12px 16px;display:inline-flex;border-radius:4px;align-items:center;text-align:center;justify-content:center;background-image:none;width:113px;height:50px;font-family:var(--replica-pro) !important;}}@media (min-width: 768px){.search-widget__submit:after{content:"Search";display:block;}}@media (min-width: 768px){.search__wrapper__inner{margin:auto;}}body:has(.newsletter-element__form .notification) #notification{display:none !important;}.article .body .newsletter-element__form ul li:before{display:none;}.search-widget .show-error .search-widget__input::placeholder{color:#d02b25;opacity:1;}.show-error .search-widget__input::-moz-placeholder{color:#d02b25;}.share-facebook, .share-facebook:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-twitter, .share-twitter:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-linkedin, .share-linkedin:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-instagram, .share-instagram:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-email, .share-email:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-pinterest, .share-pinterest:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-youtube, .share-youtube:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-facebook, .hamburger .share-facebook:hover, .footer .share-facebook, .footer .share-facebook:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-twitter, .hamburger .share-twitter:hover, .footer .share-twitter, .footer .share-twitter:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-twitter:hover, .share-tw:hover{background-color:var(--primary-text-color);opacity:1 !important;}.hamburger .share-linkedin, .hamburger .share-linkedin:hover, .footer .share-linkedin, .footer .share-linkedin:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-instagram, .hamburger .share-instagram:hover, .footer .share-instagram, .footer .share-instagram:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-email, .hamburger .share-email:hover, .footer .share-email, .footer .share-email:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-pinterest, .hamburger .share-pinterest:hover, .footer .share-pinterest, .footer .share-pinterest:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-youtube, .hamburger .share-youtube:hover, .footer .share-youtube, .footer .share-youtube:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.social-links.social-links .social-links__link:hover, .sticky-share .widget .widget__shares a:hover, .posts-custom .widget__shares a:hover{background-color:#0000;filter:brightness(0) saturate() invert(25%) sepia(34%) saturate(5144%) hue-rotate(361deg) brightness(82%) contrast(188%);}.footer .social-links.social-links .social-links__link:hover{border-color:#fff;filter:none;}.search-tooltip:after{content:"";display:block;width:15px;height:7px;position:absolute;top:-7px;left:16px;background:url("data:image/svg+xml, ") center no-repeat;}.podcast-teaser .widget__head > a:before{content:"";background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");width:26px;position:absolute;left:10px;bottom:10px;background-repeat:no-repeat;height:26px !important;}.generic-slideshow .posts-custom .slick-arrow:before{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;top:0;margin:auto;font-size:21px;font-weight:400;content:"";width:.45em;height:.45em;border-right:.14em solid #fff;border-top:.14em solid #fff;opacity:1;}.generic-slideshow .posts-custom .slick-arrow.slick-prev:before{transform:rotate(224deg);margin-left:.58em;}.generic-slideshow .posts-custom .slick-arrow.slick-next:before{transform:rotate(45deg);margin-right:.58em;}@media (min-width: 768px){.generic-slideshow .posts-custom .slick-arrow:before{font-size:38px;}}.btn, .search-detail .search-widget__submit, .btn-wrapper > .text-element, .breaking--news__banner .posts-custom .widget__headline-text:after, .keep_reading_link{align-items:center;border-radius:5px;border-style:solid;border-width:2px;display:inline-flex;justify-content:center;padding:8px 16px;text-align:center;text-transform:capitalize;font-family:var(--replica-mono) !important;}.btn:hover, .btn a:hover, .btn-wrapper > .text-element a:hover{text-decoration:none;}.btn.button-load-more, .button-load-more-custom{background-color:var(--brand-red-color);border:0;border-radius:5px;color:var(--background-color);display:block;line-height:20px;font-family:var(--replica-mono);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;margin:16px auto 0;padding:16px;text-align:center;text-transform:capitalize;width:fit-content;}.body-description .widget__show-more{display:none;}.snark-line:has(.keep_reading_link){display:grid;justify-content:center;width:100%;}a.widget__play.js-show-video:hover svg{opacity:1;}.btn.button-load-more{padding:16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.btn, .search-detail .search-widget__submit, .btn-wrapper > .text-element{padding:12px 16px;}}.social-links .social-links__link:hover, .btn:hover, .btn-wrapper > .text-element:hover, .search-widget__submit:hover, .keep_reading_link, .keep_reading_link:hover, .btn.button-load-more:hover, .search_toggle:hover, .widget .widget__shares a:hover, .tags .tags__item:hover, .main-events__carousel a.btn:hover{opacity:.9;text-decoration:none;}.btn:not(.log-in):active, .search-widget__submit:active{background-color:var(--primary-text-color);}.main-events__carousel a.btn:hover{background-color:#0000;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.btn:not(.log-in):hover, .search-widget__submit:hover{background-color:var(--primary-text-color);}}.badge-list-normal .badge:hover{text-decoration:none;}.open-source-report .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .post-page-container .main-column .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .post-page-container .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, [id^="sPost_Satic_Page_Layout"] .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .widget__body:empty, .topbar .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .five-in-a-row .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .podcasts .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{content:none;}.image-on-left .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col .widget__body:not(:last-child), .dead-drop .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{display:none;}.widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .aside-below-post .aside-top-5-module .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .related.related .related__posts.related__posts .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{content:"";outline:1px solid #f0f0f0;line-height:1.4;display:block;aspect-ratio:3 / 2;background-image:url("/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy81NjI5NjMxMS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc4OTExOTY5MH0.N8vNxg7eQd17HrmYActOKgI8gYd_PaxEtZ0gqyY8Mp8/img.png?width=210");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;background-position:center;margin-bottom:10px;}.three-in-a-row .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{;}.recirculation_post.recirculation_post .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .related.related .related__posts.related__posts .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{content:"";aspect-ratio:1 / 1;padding:0;background-color:var(--white-color);outline:1px solid #f0f0f0;}.vertical-list .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{width:80px;height:80px;float:right;padding:0;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{order:1;padding:0;}.small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{aspect-ratio:1 / 1;width:80px;padding:0;float:right;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .image-on-left .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{margin-bottom:0;}.widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col a.widget__headline-text:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}.view-all-link:hover svg path{stroke:var(--primary-text-color);}.book-review__item-info a:not(.more-btn):hover{color:var(--brand-red-color);text-decoration:none;}.book-reviews .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{content:none;}:root{--background-color:#fff;--primary-text-color:#11151c;--secondary-text-color:#757575;--tertiary-text-color:#838685;--brand-red-color:#d21c36;--borders-color:#d9d9d6;--blue-color:#0a1430;--large-line-height:1.6;--normal-line-height:1.45;--small-line-height:1.2;--replica-pro:ReplicaPro, sans-serif;--replica-mono:ReplicaMono, sans-serif;--merriweather:Merriweather, serif;}body:has(.topbar-row-3.hidden) .ad-container.leaderboard{border-top:0;padding-top:0;}.search_toggle{height:16px;width:16px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24' fill='none'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M18.319 14.4326C20.7628 11.2941 20.542 6.75347 17.6569 3.86829C14.5327 0.744098 9.46734 0.744098 6.34315 3.86829C3.21895 6.99249 3.21895 12.0578 6.34315 15.182C9.22833 18.0672 13.769 18.2879 16.9075 15.8442C16.921 15.8595 16.9351 15.8745 16.9497 15.8891L21.1924 20.1317C21.5829 20.5223 22.2161 20.5223 22.6066 20.1317C22.9971 19.7412 22.9971 19.1081 22.6066 18.7175L18.364 14.4749C18.3493 14.4603 18.3343 14.4462 18.319 14.4326ZM16.2426 5.28251C18.5858 7.62565 18.5858 11.4246 16.2426 13.7678C13.8995 16.1109 10.1005 16.1109 7.75736 13.7678C5.41421 11.4246 5.41421 7.62565 7.75736 5.28251C10.1005 2.93936 13.8995 2.93936 16.2426 5.28251Z' fill='%2311151C'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-size:18px 18px;}body:not(:has(.leaderboard)) .post-page-container{padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid var(--borders-color);margin-top:16px;}.topbar-row-1{margin-top:24px;}.topbar-row-1-inner{display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:center;}.site-byline-timer-trending{display:grid;}.site-byline{font-family:var(--merriweather);font-size:17.6px;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;line-height:26.4px;margin-bottom:8px;}.site-time{color:var(--secondary-text-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:13.3px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.trending-links, .trending-links .posts-custom, .trending-links ul li a{font-size:14.4px;line-height:21.6px;font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-style:normal;font-weight:400;text-transform:uppercase;display:flex;gap:7px;}.trending-links-heading{color:var(--secondary-text-color);font-size:12.488px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:21.6px;}.trending-links .widget .widget__body{padding:0;}.trending-links ul{display:flex;padding:0;margin:0;gap:11px;list-style:none;}.trending-links ul a{color:var(--brand-red-color);}.topbar-social-n-sign-up{margin-left:auto;display:grid;grid-gap:13px;}.auth-buttons{display:flex;gap:15px;}.auth-buttons .btn{padding:10px;border-radius:5px;border:2px solid var(--brand-red-color);color:var(--White, #fff);text-align:center;font-family:var(--replica-mono);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:20px;}.auth-buttons .sign-up{background-color:var(--brand-red-color);}.auth-buttons .log-in{color:var(--brand-red-color);}.mobile-menu-search-btn-wrapper{display:none;}.auth-buttons .sign-up:hover{background-color:var(--primary-text-color);border-color:var(--primary-text-color);}.auth-buttons .log-in:hover{border:2px solid var(--primary-text-color);color:var(--primary-text-color);}@media (max-width: 1200px){.mobile-menu-search-btn-wrapper{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:20px;margin-left:auto;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-1 .search_toggle, .topbar-row-1 .hamburger__toggle{width:21px;height:21px;order:2;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-1 .search_toggle{background-size:22px;order:-1;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.hamburger__toggle{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:21px 19px;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.trending-links{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-social-n-sign-up .sm-mb-2{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar{position:relative;padding-top:30px;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-1{margin-top:0;padding:20px 0;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.auth-buttons{position:absolute;width:100%;top:0;left:0;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;height:30px;gap:0;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.auth-buttons .btn{padding:6px;justify-content:center;height:100%;border-radius:0;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.site-byline-timer-trending{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.site-logo{height:41px;width:auto;}}@media (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 768px){.topbar-row-1{padding:15px 10px;}}.topbar-row-2{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;border-top:1px solid var(--Borders, #d9d9d6);border-bottom:1px solid var(--Borders, #d9d9d6);margin-top:32px;margin-bottom:11px;align-items:center;}.navbar .menu_items{display:flex;gap:17px;align-items:center;justify-content:start;}.navbar .menu_items a{color:var(--primary-text-color);}.navbar .menu_item:hover .text-element a, .navbar .menu__dropdown .list a:hover{color:var(--brand-red-color);}.navbar .menu_item{position:relative;padding:19px 0;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:2px;text-align:center;font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:17px;text-transform:uppercase;}.navbar .menu_item .dropdown-arrow{height:16px;width:16px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;}.navbar .menu_item .dropdown-arrow:after{content:"";width:0;height:0;border-style:solid;border-width:4px 4px 0;border-color:var(--primary-text-color) transparent transparent transparent;transform:rotate(0deg);}.navbar .menu_item:hover .dropdown-arrow:after{border-color:var(--brand-red-color) transparent transparent transparent;transform:rotate(180deg);}.navbar .menu__dropdown{position:absolute;top:43px;left:0;height:auto;pointer-events:none;overflow:hidden;max-height:0;transition:all .4s;opacity:0;padding:5px;margin-left:-5px;}.navbar .menu_item:hover .menu__dropdown{max-height:calc(100vh - 200px);opacity:1;pointer-events:initial;z-index:3;}.navbar .menu__dropdown .list{background:var(--White, #fff);box-shadow:0 0 5.2px #00000040;list-style:none;margin:0;min-width:200px;padding:16px;width:fit-content;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-shrink:0;text-align:left;}.navbar .menu__dropdown .list a{padding:8px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);flex-shrink:0;display:inline-flex;}.navbar .menu__dropdown .list a:last-child{padding-bottom:0;border:0;}.menu_item.trending-item{display:none;}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-2{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-3{border-top:1px solid var(--borders-color);}}.hamburger{transition:all .4s;padding:24px 24px 120px;transform:translateX(-100%);position:fixed;top:0;z-index:999999;height:100vh;overflow:auto;background-color:var(--primary-text-color);color:#fff;width:312px;}.hamburger a{color:#fff;}.hamburger_inner{display:grid;grid-gap:32px;}.hamburger__menu{display:flex;}.hamburger__menu .trending-item{order:-1;}.hamburger .menu_item{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;border-bottom:1px solid #58606f75;flex-wrap:wrap;}.hamburger .menu_item:first-child{border-top:1px solid #58606f75;}.hamburger .menu_item .text-element{padding:16px 0;position:relative;color:#fff;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:17px;text-transform:uppercase;}.hamburger .menu__dropdown{display:block;width:100%;}.hamburger .dropdown-arrow{display:flex;height:16px;width:16px;align-items:center;margin-left:auto;justify-content:center;}.hamburger .dropdown-arrow:before{margin-left:0;border-style:solid;border-width:4px 4px 0;border-color:#fff #0000 #0000;cursor:pointer;content:"";}.hamburger .active .dropdown-arrow:before{transform:rotate(180deg);}.hamburger .menu__dropdown .list{max-height:0;overflow:hidden;opacity:0;margin:0;list-style:none;}.hamburger .menu__dropdown .list a{width:100%;position:relative;padding:0;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:130%;}.hamburger-social{display:grid;align-items:center;grid-gap:16px;}.hamburger-social .text-element{font-size:14px;line-height:17px;}.hamburger .social-links{justify-content:start;}.footer .social-links__link, .hamburger .social-links__link{height:40px;width:40px;border-radius:20px;border:1px solid #ffffff1a;}.membership-popup{display:none;padding:40px 40px 24px;border:1px solid;width:fit-content;margin:auto;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;max-width:550px;position:fixed;background:#fff;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;max-height:fit-content;z-index:10000000;}.membership-popup img.image-element__img{max-width:190px;}p.welcome-message, p.expired-message{font-family:var(--merriweather);font-size:20px;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;line-height:var(--small-line-height);text-align:center;margin:24px 0 32px;}label.signin-message{font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:20px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:145%;width:100%;margin-bottom:8px;}input#member-email-input{border-radius:5px;border:1px solid var(--borders-color);height:56px;padding:8px 16px;margin-bottom:16px;width:100%;}.membership-popup .btn{padding:10px;border-radius:5px;border:2px solid var(--brand-red-color);color:#fff;text-align:center;font-family:var(--replica-mono);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:20px;background:var(--brand-red-color);transition:all .15s ease-in;margin-bottom:16px;width:100%;outline:none;}.membership-popup .btn.outlined{background-color:#0000;color:var(--brand-red-color);}.membership-popup .btn:hover{border-color:var(--primary-text-color);}.membership-popup .btn.outlined:hover{color:var(--primary-text-color);}.membership-popup:has(input#member-email-input:invalid) input#member-continue-input{cursor:not-allowed;opacity:.8;}button.membership_close-pop-up{position:absolute;right:20px;top:20px;filter:invert();}p.member-signup-wrapper{width:100%;padding:0;margin:0;position:relative;}.member-signup-wrapper:before{content:"→";display:block;position:absolute;top:9px;left:54%;opacity:0;transition:all .15s ease-in;}p.member-signup-wrapper:hover:before{left:59%;opacity:1;}p.error-message{color:var(--brand-red-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:145%;text-align:left;width:100%;}p.expired-message span{font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:145%;display:block;margin-top:8px;}.btn.log-in.unlogged{cursor:pointer;}.member-email-input-wrapper{position:relative;}#email-field-clean{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMTQiIGhlaWdodD0iMTQiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNCAxNCIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj4KPHBhdGggZD0iTTEzLjk5OTkgMS40MUwxMi41ODk5IDBMNi45OTk5NCA1LjU5TDEuNDA5OTQgMEwtNi4xMDM1MmUtMDUgMS40MUw1LjU4OTk0IDdMLTYuMTAzNTJlLTA1IDEyLjU5TDEuNDA5OTQgMTRMNi45OTk5NCA4LjQxTDEyLjU4OTkgMTRMMTMuOTk5OSAxMi41OUw4LjQwOTk0IDdMMTMuOTk5OSAxLjQxWiIgZmlsbD0iIzE5MTkxOSIvPgo8L3N2Zz4K");}#email-field-clean{font-size:0;background-size:15px;background-position:50%;position:absolute;right:15px;top:20px;z-index:10;width:14px;height:14px;background-repeat:no-repeat;cursor:pointer;opacity:0;}.user-profile{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-bottom:20px;row-gap:20px;}.user-profile__image-container{aspect-ratio:1 / 1;max-width:105px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;}.user-profile__image{height:100%;width:100%;object-fit:cover;object-position:top;}.user-profile__info-header{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;}.user-profile__title{color:var(--primary-text-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:20px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:140%;margin:0;}.user-profile__caption{color:var(--primary-text-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:140%;margin:0;}.user-profile__info{display:flex;flex-direction:column;row-gap:10px;}.user-profile__info-body{color:var(--secondary-text-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:16px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--normal-line-height);}.module-profile{display:grid;}article .body-description{font-size:20px;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col{display:block;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{float:right;width:31.4%;margin-left:10px;}.widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .widget__headline{margin-bottom:10px;}.three-in-a-row .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{margin-bottom:10px;}.container.module:has(.module-profile){margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px;}.experts-page .module__heading.module__heading{text-transform:none;}.experts-page .small-items{margin-top:0;padding-top:0;border-top:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.container.module:has(.module-profile){margin-top:24px;margin-bottom:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{margin-left:16px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module-profile{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);grid-template-columns:1fr 426px;padding-bottom:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module__main-column{border-right:1px solid var(--borders-color);padding-right:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module__sidebar{padding-left:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.user-profile{column-gap:20px;flex-direction:row;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.user-profile__image-container{max-height:148px;max-width:148px;min-height:148px;min-width:148px;}}.image-on-right .widget .col{display:grid;gap:10px;grid-template-columns:1fr 43.1%;grid-template-rows:auto 1fr;}.image-on-right .widget{padding-top:16px;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);padding-bottom:16px;}.image-on-right .widget .widget__headline{font-family:var(--merriweather);font-size:17px;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;line-height:var(--small-line-height);display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:5;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden;visibility:visible;}.image-on-right .widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:var(--brand-red-color);text-decoration:none;transition:all .2s;}.image-on-right .widget .body-description{font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:20px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--normal-line-height);}@media (max-width: 1023px){.image-on-right-container{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);padding-bottom:16px;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.module__sidebar{padding-top:16px;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.image-on-right .widget__body + .widget__body{float:left;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{width:153px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget .col{grid-template-columns:1fr 266px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget{padding-top:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget:not(:last-child){padding-bottom:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget .widget__headline, .image-on-right .widget .body-description{font-size:20px;}}.module__heading{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);display:flex;gap:10px;font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:24px;font-style:normal;font-weight:850;line-height:var(--small-line-height);margin:0;padding-bottom:16px;}.module__heading:before{background-color:var(--brand-red-color);content:"";height:29px;width:5px;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module__heading{font-size:28px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module__heading:before{height:34px;}}.three-in-a-row{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);padding-bottom:16px;margin-bottom:16px;}.three-in-a-row:empty{display:none;}.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:before{content:"";display:block;width:calc(100% + 33px);height:1px;background-color:var(--borders-color);border:solid #fff;border-width:16px 0;}.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(3n):before{width:100%;}.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(1):before{content:none;}@media (max-width: 1023px){.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:before{width:100%;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(2):before, .three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(3):before{content:none;}}.small-items{margin-top:16px;padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid var(--borders-color);}.trending:not(:has(.widget)) .btn.button-load-more{display:none;}.trending:not(:has(.widget)) div{padding:0;margin:0;border:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.body{margin-left:0;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:first-child:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(2):not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(3):not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:first-child .widget__head, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(2) .widget__head, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(3) .widget__head, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:first-child .widget__head img.rm-lazyloadable-image, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(2) .widget__head img.rm-lazyloadable-image, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(3) .widget__head img.rm-lazyloadable-image{aspect-ratio:3 / 2;height:auto;width:100%;float:none;}}.footer{background-color:var(--blue-color);color:var(--background-color);padding:24px 16px;}.footer-inner{text-align:left;display:grid;padding:0;grid-gap:30px;width:100%;}.footer-inner > :not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--vertical-spacing-between-items);}.footer .list{display:flex;justify-content:center;gap:7px;flex-wrap:wrap;}.footer .list__item{margin:0;flex-shrink:0;padding:0;}.footer a{color:var(--background-color);}.footer-inner__first .image-element__img{max-width:280px;}.footer-inner__first, .footer-inner__third{color:var(--background-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:12.4px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:19.2px;}.footer-inner__first .list{justify-content:normal;margin-top:8px;}.footer-inner__third .list{margin:8px 0 30px;justify-content:flex-start;}.copyright, .copyright a{color:var(--borders-color);}.footer .social-links{justify-content:normal;gap:20px;}.footer-links{font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--large-line-height);text-transform:uppercase;gap:57px;display:flex;max-width:300px;white-space:nowrap;}.footer-links .list{flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:nowrap;width:300px;justify-content:flex-start;gap:14px;text-align:left;}.footer-inner__third .footer-inquiries{font-size:14.4px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--large-line-height);margin-top:16px;}.footer-inner__third .footer-inquiries a{display:block;text-decoration:underline;font-weight:bold;}.footer-inner__first .list__item{text-decoration:underline;}.footer-inner__first .list__item:hover, .footer-inner__third .footer-inquiries a:hover{text-decoration:none;}.copyright.desktop{display:none;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.footer-inner{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:flex-start;flex-wrap:wrap;text-align:left;gap:0;width:100%;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.footer{padding:50px 70px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.footer-inner .text-element{margin-top:8px;width:100%;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.footer-inner__first .image-element__img{margin-bottom:30px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.copyright.mobile{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.copyright.desktop{display:block;}}
Ambassador Mark Wallace | Expert - The Cipher Brief
Skip to content
Your Trusted Source for National Security News & Analysis
July 3rd, 2025 | 06:08 PM
CEO, Counter Extremism Project
Ambassador Mark Wallace is CEO of the Counter Extremism Project (CEP), a not-for-profit, non-partisan, international policy organization formed to combat the growing threat from extremist ideology. Wallace served previously as United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Representative for U.N. Management and Reform.
Mark D. Wallace is CEO of United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI) and the former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations for Management and Reform.
Cipher Brief Expert Norman T. Roule is the former National Intelligence Manager for Iran at the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and a senior adviser to UANI.
OPINION — The Biden Administration asserted that its decision to revoke the designation of the Houthis as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) and a Specially Designated Global Terrorist group was driven by a desire to prevent a humanitarian disaster in Yemen and to create political conditions necessary to end the nearly eight-year long war in that country.
The U.S. used the same justification to end offensive support to the Saudi-led coalition’s efforts to restore the UN-recognized Yemeni government, living in exile since 2015. In the weeks that followed, the Administration also assigned an experienced and respected diplomat and re-engaged with regional partners.
The speed by which these decisions were implemented suggests that none received a robust interagency review – and none of the developments on the ground indicate America’s recalibration has been or will be successful.
If the Biden Administration’s goal was to change the Houthis’ behavior, the policy has already failed. Far from preventing a humanitarian disaster, the threat to civilians has increased as the Houthis have grown bolder, using the U.S. drawdown to continue its deadly offensive. That’s how terrorist organizations operate, and the decision to designate the Houthis as a terrorist organization, after all, was not without merit.
During recent years, the Houthis have launched rockets, ballistic missiles, mortars, explosive drones and boats against neighboring Saudi Arabia and the millions of expatriates who live there. This means civilians are being targeted with advanced Iranian weaponry. Attacks on Saudi civilian targets – any of which could have resulted in American as well as Saudi casualties – and on an oil storage yard at Ras Tanura, one of the world’s biggest offshore oil-loading facilities, followed the Biden Administration’s decision and could be a preview of what may come if the Houthis prevail.
These attacks are in Iran’s interests. In fact, Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps’ (IRGC) Quds Force commander admitted it offered military support for recent terror attacks – which were followed by an assault on Yemen's relatively-peaceful Marib region , threatening “two million civilians … with hundreds of thousands potentially forced to flee … with unimaginable humanitarian consequences .” Iran’s Quds Force has provided the Houthis with the funding, training, and technology to carry out many of these attacks since the war began.
The Houthis have also wreaked havoc on Yemen itself using landmines, child soldiers, hostage taking, rape, indiscriminate attacks, and diversion of UN food aid to create one of the largest humanitarian crises in the world. Civilians, civilian infrastructure and military forces have all been targeted by the group. Operating from civilian sites and using child soldiers, the Houthis have callously used the Yemeni people themselves as human shields.
Ironically, this behavior fits our own government’s definition of international terrorism.
Keep reading... Show less
On Sept. 28 in New York City, the Counter Extremism Project (CEP) co-hosted with the U.S. State Department the first Global Youth Summit Against Violent Extremism, an initiative that grew from [...]
More
More from Ambassador Mark Wallace
Load more