");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;padding:0;background-size:16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.breaking--news__banner .posts-custom .widget__headline-text:after{margin-left:8px;}}.search__wrapper{z-index:0;opacity:0;position:fixed;left:0;line-height:40px;display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin:auto;max-width:985px;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:auto;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;}.search__wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;}.search-modal_close-pop-up{position:fixed;right:20px;top:20px;height:40px;width:40px;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:flex-end;}.search__wrapper__inner{max-width:985px;width:100%;display:grid;padding:160px 12px;}.search-modal-heading{padding-bottom:8px;border-width:0;border-style:solid;border-bottom-width:2px;}.search-widget form{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr auto;grid-gap:12px;max-width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.search-widget__input{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;background-color:#fff;padding:0 12px;border-radius:var(--1x, 4px);background-size:15px 15px;background-position:12px;background-repeat:no-repeat;}.search-widget__submit{background-color:var(--brand-red-color);color:#fff;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:var(--replica-pro) !important;}.search-widget__submit{position:relative;width:47px;height:47px;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:24px 24px;}.search-widget__submit.fa:before{display:none;}.search-modal-latest-stories{margin-top:32px;background:#fff;padding:20px;}@media (min-width: 768px){.search-widget__input{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");padding:0 12px 0 40px;}}@media (min-width: 768px){.search-widget__submit{padding:12px 16px;display:inline-flex;border-radius:4px;align-items:center;text-align:center;justify-content:center;background-image:none;width:113px;height:50px;font-family:var(--replica-pro) !important;}}@media (min-width: 768px){.search-widget__submit:after{content:"Search";display:block;}}@media (min-width: 768px){.search__wrapper__inner{margin:auto;}}body:has(.newsletter-element__form .notification) #notification{display:none !important;}.article .body .newsletter-element__form ul li:before{display:none;}.search-widget .show-error .search-widget__input::placeholder{color:#d02b25;opacity:1;}.show-error .search-widget__input::-moz-placeholder{color:#d02b25;}.share-facebook, .share-facebook:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-twitter, .share-twitter:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-linkedin, .share-linkedin:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-instagram, .share-instagram:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-email, .share-email:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-pinterest, .share-pinterest:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-youtube, .share-youtube:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-facebook, .hamburger .share-facebook:hover, .footer .share-facebook, .footer .share-facebook:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-twitter, .hamburger .share-twitter:hover, .footer .share-twitter, .footer .share-twitter:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-twitter:hover, .share-tw:hover{background-color:var(--primary-text-color);opacity:1 !important;}.hamburger .share-linkedin, .hamburger .share-linkedin:hover, .footer .share-linkedin, .footer .share-linkedin:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-instagram, .hamburger .share-instagram:hover, .footer .share-instagram, .footer .share-instagram:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-email, .hamburger .share-email:hover, .footer .share-email, .footer .share-email:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-pinterest, .hamburger .share-pinterest:hover, .footer .share-pinterest, .footer .share-pinterest:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-youtube, .hamburger .share-youtube:hover, .footer .share-youtube, .footer .share-youtube:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.social-links.social-links .social-links__link:hover, .sticky-share .widget .widget__shares a:hover, .posts-custom .widget__shares a:hover{background-color:#0000;filter:brightness(0) saturate() invert(25%) sepia(34%) saturate(5144%) hue-rotate(361deg) brightness(82%) contrast(188%);}.footer .social-links.social-links .social-links__link:hover{border-color:#fff;filter:none;}.search-tooltip:after{content:"";display:block;width:15px;height:7px;position:absolute;top:-7px;left:16px;background:url("data:image/svg+xml, ") center no-repeat;}.podcast-teaser .widget__head > a:before{content:"";background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");width:26px;position:absolute;left:10px;bottom:10px;background-repeat:no-repeat;height:26px !important;}.generic-slideshow .posts-custom .slick-arrow:before{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;top:0;margin:auto;font-size:21px;font-weight:400;content:"";width:.45em;height:.45em;border-right:.14em solid #fff;border-top:.14em solid #fff;opacity:1;}.generic-slideshow .posts-custom .slick-arrow.slick-prev:before{transform:rotate(224deg);margin-left:.58em;}.generic-slideshow .posts-custom .slick-arrow.slick-next:before{transform:rotate(45deg);margin-right:.58em;}@media (min-width: 768px){.generic-slideshow .posts-custom .slick-arrow:before{font-size:38px;}}.btn, .search-detail .search-widget__submit, .btn-wrapper > .text-element, .breaking--news__banner .posts-custom .widget__headline-text:after, .keep_reading_link{align-items:center;border-radius:5px;border-style:solid;border-width:2px;display:inline-flex;justify-content:center;padding:8px 16px;text-align:center;text-transform:capitalize;font-family:var(--replica-mono) !important;}.btn:hover, .btn a:hover, .btn-wrapper > .text-element a:hover{text-decoration:none;}.btn.button-load-more, .button-load-more-custom{background-color:var(--brand-red-color);border:0;border-radius:5px;color:var(--background-color);display:block;line-height:20px;font-family:var(--replica-mono);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;margin:16px auto 0;padding:16px;text-align:center;text-transform:capitalize;width:fit-content;}.body-description .widget__show-more{display:none;}.snark-line:has(.keep_reading_link){display:grid;justify-content:center;width:100%;}a.widget__play.js-show-video:hover svg{opacity:1;}.btn.button-load-more{padding:16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.btn, .search-detail .search-widget__submit, .btn-wrapper > .text-element{padding:12px 16px;}}.social-links .social-links__link:hover, .btn:hover, .btn-wrapper > .text-element:hover, .search-widget__submit:hover, .keep_reading_link, .keep_reading_link:hover, .btn.button-load-more:hover, .search_toggle:hover, .widget .widget__shares a:hover, .tags .tags__item:hover, .main-events__carousel a.btn:hover{opacity:.9;text-decoration:none;}.btn:not(.log-in):active, .search-widget__submit:active{background-color:var(--primary-text-color);}.main-events__carousel a.btn:hover{background-color:#0000;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.btn:not(.log-in):hover, .search-widget__submit:hover{background-color:var(--primary-text-color);}}.badge-list-normal .badge:hover{text-decoration:none;}.open-source-report .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .post-page-container .main-column .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .post-page-container .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, [id^="sPost_Satic_Page_Layout"] .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .widget__body:empty, .topbar .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .five-in-a-row .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .podcasts .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{content:none;}.image-on-left .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col .widget__body:not(:last-child), .dead-drop .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{display:none;}.widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .aside-below-post .aside-top-5-module .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .related.related .related__posts.related__posts .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{content:"";outline:1px solid #f0f0f0;line-height:1.4;display:block;aspect-ratio:3 / 2;background-image:url("/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy81NjI5NjMxMS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc4OTExOTY5MH0.N8vNxg7eQd17HrmYActOKgI8gYd_PaxEtZ0gqyY8Mp8/img.png?width=210");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;background-position:center;margin-bottom:10px;}.three-in-a-row .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{;}.recirculation_post.recirculation_post .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .related.related .related__posts.related__posts .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{content:"";aspect-ratio:1 / 1;padding:0;background-color:var(--white-color);outline:1px solid #f0f0f0;}.vertical-list .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{width:80px;height:80px;float:right;padding:0;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{order:1;padding:0;}.small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{aspect-ratio:1 / 1;width:80px;padding:0;float:right;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .image-on-left .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{margin-bottom:0;}.widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col a.widget__headline-text:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}.view-all-link:hover svg path{stroke:var(--primary-text-color);}.book-review__item-info a:not(.more-btn):hover{color:var(--brand-red-color);text-decoration:none;}.book-reviews .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{content:none;}:root{--background-color:#fff;--primary-text-color:#11151c;--secondary-text-color:#757575;--tertiary-text-color:#838685;--brand-red-color:#d21c36;--borders-color:#d9d9d6;--blue-color:#0a1430;--large-line-height:1.6;--normal-line-height:1.45;--small-line-height:1.2;--replica-pro:ReplicaPro, sans-serif;--replica-mono:ReplicaMono, sans-serif;--merriweather:Merriweather, serif;}body:has(.topbar-row-3.hidden) .ad-container.leaderboard{border-top:0;padding-top:0;}.search_toggle{height:16px;width:16px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24' fill='none'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M18.319 14.4326C20.7628 11.2941 20.542 6.75347 17.6569 3.86829C14.5327 0.744098 9.46734 0.744098 6.34315 3.86829C3.21895 6.99249 3.21895 12.0578 6.34315 15.182C9.22833 18.0672 13.769 18.2879 16.9075 15.8442C16.921 15.8595 16.9351 15.8745 16.9497 15.8891L21.1924 20.1317C21.5829 20.5223 22.2161 20.5223 22.6066 20.1317C22.9971 19.7412 22.9971 19.1081 22.6066 18.7175L18.364 14.4749C18.3493 14.4603 18.3343 14.4462 18.319 14.4326ZM16.2426 5.28251C18.5858 7.62565 18.5858 11.4246 16.2426 13.7678C13.8995 16.1109 10.1005 16.1109 7.75736 13.7678C5.41421 11.4246 5.41421 7.62565 7.75736 5.28251C10.1005 2.93936 13.8995 2.93936 16.2426 5.28251Z' fill='%2311151C'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-size:18px 18px;}.topbar-row-1{margin-top:24px;}.topbar-row-1-inner{display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:center;}.site-byline-timer-trending{display:grid;}.site-byline{font-family:var(--merriweather);font-size:17.6px;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;line-height:26.4px;margin-bottom:8px;}.site-time{color:var(--secondary-text-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:13.3px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.trending-links, .trending-links .posts-custom, .trending-links ul li a{font-size:14.4px;line-height:21.6px;font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-style:normal;font-weight:400;text-transform:uppercase;display:flex;gap:7px;}.trending-links-heading{color:var(--secondary-text-color);font-size:12.488px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:21.6px;}.trending-links .widget .widget__body{padding:0;}.trending-links ul{display:flex;padding:0;margin:0;gap:11px;list-style:none;}.trending-links ul a{color:var(--brand-red-color);}.topbar-social-n-sign-up{margin-left:auto;display:grid;grid-gap:13px;}.auth-buttons{display:flex;gap:15px;}.auth-buttons .btn{padding:10px;border-radius:5px;border:2px solid var(--brand-red-color);color:var(--White, #fff);text-align:center;font-family:var(--replica-mono);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:20px;}.auth-buttons .sign-up{background-color:var(--brand-red-color);}.auth-buttons .log-in{color:var(--brand-red-color);}.mobile-menu-search-btn-wrapper{display:none;}.auth-buttons .sign-up:hover{background-color:var(--primary-text-color);border-color:var(--primary-text-color);}.auth-buttons .log-in:hover{border:2px solid var(--primary-text-color);color:var(--primary-text-color);}@media (max-width: 1200px){.mobile-menu-search-btn-wrapper{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:20px;margin-left:auto;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-1 .search_toggle, .topbar-row-1 .hamburger__toggle{width:21px;height:21px;order:2;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-1 .search_toggle{background-size:22px;order:-1;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.hamburger__toggle{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:21px 19px;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.trending-links{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-social-n-sign-up .sm-mb-2{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar{position:relative;padding-top:30px;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-1{margin-top:0;padding:20px 0;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.auth-buttons{position:absolute;width:100%;top:0;left:0;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;height:30px;gap:0;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.auth-buttons .btn{padding:6px;justify-content:center;height:100%;border-radius:0;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.site-byline-timer-trending{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.site-logo{height:41px;width:auto;}}@media (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 768px){.topbar-row-1{padding:15px 10px;}}.topbar-row-2{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;border-top:1px solid var(--Borders, #d9d9d6);border-bottom:1px solid var(--Borders, #d9d9d6);margin-top:32px;margin-bottom:11px;align-items:center;}.navbar .menu_items{display:flex;gap:17px;align-items:center;justify-content:start;}.navbar .menu_items a{color:var(--primary-text-color);}.navbar .menu_item:hover .text-element a, .navbar .menu__dropdown .list a:hover{color:var(--brand-red-color);}.navbar .menu_item{position:relative;padding:19px 0;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:2px;text-align:center;font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:17px;text-transform:uppercase;}.navbar .menu_item .dropdown-arrow{height:16px;width:16px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;}.navbar .menu_item .dropdown-arrow:after{content:"";width:0;height:0;border-style:solid;border-width:4px 4px 0;border-color:var(--primary-text-color) transparent transparent transparent;transform:rotate(0deg);}.navbar .menu_item:hover .dropdown-arrow:after{border-color:var(--brand-red-color) transparent transparent transparent;transform:rotate(180deg);}.navbar .menu__dropdown{position:absolute;top:43px;left:0;height:auto;pointer-events:none;overflow:hidden;max-height:0;transition:all .4s;opacity:0;padding:5px;margin-left:-5px;}.navbar .menu_item:hover .menu__dropdown{max-height:calc(100vh - 200px);opacity:1;pointer-events:initial;z-index:3;}.navbar .menu__dropdown .list{background:var(--White, #fff);box-shadow:0 0 5.2px #00000040;list-style:none;margin:0;min-width:200px;padding:16px;width:fit-content;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-shrink:0;text-align:left;}.navbar .menu__dropdown .list a{padding:8px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);flex-shrink:0;display:inline-flex;}.navbar .menu__dropdown .list a:last-child{padding-bottom:0;border:0;}.menu_item.trending-item{display:none;}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-2{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-3{border-top:1px solid var(--borders-color);}}.hamburger{transition:all .4s;padding:24px 24px 120px;transform:translateX(-100%);position:fixed;top:0;z-index:999999;height:100vh;overflow:auto;background-color:var(--primary-text-color);color:#fff;width:312px;}.hamburger a{color:#fff;}.hamburger_inner{display:grid;grid-gap:32px;}.hamburger__menu{display:flex;}.hamburger__menu .trending-item{order:-1;}.hamburger .menu_item{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;border-bottom:1px solid #58606f75;flex-wrap:wrap;}.hamburger .menu_item:first-child{border-top:1px solid #58606f75;}.hamburger .menu_item .text-element{padding:16px 0;position:relative;color:#fff;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:17px;text-transform:uppercase;}.hamburger .menu__dropdown{display:block;width:100%;}.hamburger .dropdown-arrow{display:flex;height:16px;width:16px;align-items:center;margin-left:auto;justify-content:center;}.hamburger .dropdown-arrow:before{margin-left:0;border-style:solid;border-width:4px 4px 0;border-color:#fff #0000 #0000;cursor:pointer;content:"";}.hamburger .active .dropdown-arrow:before{transform:rotate(180deg);}.hamburger .menu__dropdown .list{max-height:0;overflow:hidden;opacity:0;margin:0;list-style:none;}.hamburger .menu__dropdown .list a{width:100%;position:relative;padding:0;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:130%;}.hamburger-social{display:grid;align-items:center;grid-gap:16px;}.hamburger-social .text-element{font-size:14px;line-height:17px;}.hamburger .social-links{justify-content:start;}.footer .social-links__link, .hamburger .social-links__link{height:40px;width:40px;border-radius:20px;border:1px solid #ffffff1a;}.membership-popup{display:none;padding:40px 40px 24px;border:1px solid;width:fit-content;margin:auto;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;max-width:550px;position:fixed;background:#fff;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;max-height:fit-content;z-index:10000000;}.membership-popup img.image-element__img{max-width:190px;}p.welcome-message, p.expired-message{font-family:var(--merriweather);font-size:20px;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;line-height:var(--small-line-height);text-align:center;margin:24px 0 32px;}label.signin-message{font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:20px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:145%;width:100%;margin-bottom:8px;}input#member-email-input{border-radius:5px;border:1px solid var(--borders-color);height:56px;padding:8px 16px;margin-bottom:16px;width:100%;}.membership-popup .btn{padding:10px;border-radius:5px;border:2px solid var(--brand-red-color);color:#fff;text-align:center;font-family:var(--replica-mono);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:20px;background:var(--brand-red-color);transition:all .15s ease-in;margin-bottom:16px;width:100%;outline:none;}.membership-popup .btn.outlined{background-color:#0000;color:var(--brand-red-color);}.membership-popup .btn:hover{border-color:var(--primary-text-color);}.membership-popup .btn.outlined:hover{color:var(--primary-text-color);}.membership-popup:has(input#member-email-input:invalid) input#member-continue-input{cursor:not-allowed;opacity:.8;}button.membership_close-pop-up{position:absolute;right:20px;top:20px;filter:invert();}p.member-signup-wrapper{width:100%;padding:0;margin:0;position:relative;}.member-signup-wrapper:before{content:"→";display:block;position:absolute;top:9px;left:54%;opacity:0;transition:all .15s ease-in;}p.member-signup-wrapper:hover:before{left:59%;opacity:1;}p.error-message{color:var(--brand-red-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:145%;text-align:left;width:100%;}p.expired-message span{font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:145%;display:block;margin-top:8px;}.btn.log-in.unlogged{cursor:pointer;}.member-email-input-wrapper{position:relative;}#email-field-clean{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMTQiIGhlaWdodD0iMTQiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNCAxNCIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj4KPHBhdGggZD0iTTEzLjk5OTkgMS40MUwxMi41ODk5IDBMNi45OTk5NCA1LjU5TDEuNDA5OTQgMEwtNi4xMDM1MmUtMDUgMS40MUw1LjU4OTk0IDdMLTYuMTAzNTJlLTA1IDEyLjU5TDEuNDA5OTQgMTRMNi45OTk5NCA4LjQxTDEyLjU4OTkgMTRMMTMuOTk5OSAxMi41OUw4LjQwOTk0IDdMMTMuOTk5OSAxLjQxWiIgZmlsbD0iIzE5MTkxOSIvPgo8L3N2Zz4K");}#email-field-clean{font-size:0;background-size:15px;background-position:50%;position:absolute;right:15px;top:20px;z-index:10;width:14px;height:14px;background-repeat:no-repeat;cursor:pointer;opacity:0;}.user-profile{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-bottom:20px;row-gap:20px;}.user-profile__image-container{aspect-ratio:1 / 1;max-width:105px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;}.user-profile__image{height:100%;width:100%;object-fit:cover;object-position:top;}.user-profile__info-header{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;}.user-profile__title{color:var(--primary-text-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:20px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:140%;margin:0;}.user-profile__caption{color:var(--primary-text-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:140%;margin:0;}.user-profile__info{display:flex;flex-direction:column;row-gap:10px;}.user-profile__info-body{color:var(--secondary-text-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:16px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--normal-line-height);}.module-profile{display:grid;}article .body-description{font-size:20px;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col{display:block;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{float:right;width:31.4%;margin-left:10px;}.widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .widget__headline{margin-bottom:10px;}.three-in-a-row .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{margin-bottom:10px;}.container.module:has(.module-profile){margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px;}.experts-page .module__heading.module__heading{text-transform:none;}.experts-page .small-items{margin-top:0;padding-top:0;border-top:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.container.module:has(.module-profile){margin-top:24px;margin-bottom:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{margin-left:16px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module-profile{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);grid-template-columns:1fr 426px;padding-bottom:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module__main-column{border-right:1px solid var(--borders-color);padding-right:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module__sidebar{padding-left:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.user-profile{column-gap:20px;flex-direction:row;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.user-profile__image-container{max-height:148px;max-width:148px;min-height:148px;min-width:148px;}}.image-on-right .widget .col{display:grid;gap:10px;grid-template-columns:1fr 43.1%;grid-template-rows:auto 1fr;}.image-on-right .widget{padding-top:16px;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);padding-bottom:16px;}.image-on-right .widget .widget__head .widget__body{position:static;}.image-on-right .widget .col .widget__body + .widget__head + .widget__body{grid-column:span 2;}.image-on-right .widget .widget__headline{font-family:var(--merriweather);font-size:17px;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;line-height:var(--small-line-height);display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:5;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden;visibility:visible;}.image-on-right .widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:var(--brand-red-color);text-decoration:none;transition:all .2s;}.image-on-right .widget .body-description{font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:20px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--normal-line-height);}@media (max-width: 1023px){.image-on-right-container{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);padding-bottom:16px;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.module__sidebar{padding-top:16px;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{width:153px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget .col{grid-template-columns:1fr 266px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget .col .widget__head{grid-row:span 2;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget .col .widget__body + .widget__head + .widget__body{grid-column:span 1;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget{padding-top:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget:not(:last-child){padding-bottom:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget .widget__headline, .image-on-right .widget .body-description{font-size:20px;}}.module__heading{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);display:flex;gap:10px;font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:24px;font-style:normal;font-weight:850;line-height:var(--small-line-height);margin:0;padding-bottom:16px;}.module__heading:before{background-color:var(--brand-red-color);content:"";height:29px;width:5px;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module__heading{font-size:28px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module__heading:before{height:34px;}}.three-in-a-row{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);padding-bottom:16px;margin-bottom:16px;}.three-in-a-row .widget .widget__body{row-gap:10px;}.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:before{content:"";display:block;width:calc(100% + 33px);height:1px;background-color:var(--borders-color);border:solid #fff;border-width:16px 0;}.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(3n):before{width:100%;}.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(1):before{content:none;}.three-in-a-row article .body-description{display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:5;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden;visibility:visible;}@media (max-width: 1023px){.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:before{width:100%;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(2):before, .three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(3):before{content:none;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget{padding:16px 16px 0;border-right:1px var(--borders-color) solid;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(1), .three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(2), .three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(3){padding-top:0;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper{margin:0 -16px;}}.small-items{margin-top:16px;padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid var(--borders-color);}.small-items .widget .widget__headline{min-height:80px;width:calc(100% - 100px);}.small-items .three-in-a-row .widget .widget__body{display:block;}.small-items .three-in-a-row .body{margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}.trending:not(:has(.widget)) .btn.button-load-more{display:none;}.trending:not(:has(.widget)) div{padding:0;margin:0;border:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.body{margin-left:0;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:first-child:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(2):not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(3):not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:first-child .widget__head, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(2) .widget__head, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(3) .widget__head, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:first-child .widget__head img.rm-lazyloadable-image, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(2) .widget__head img.rm-lazyloadable-image, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(3) .widget__head img.rm-lazyloadable-image{aspect-ratio:3 / 2;height:auto;width:100%;float:none;}}.footer{background-color:var(--blue-color);color:var(--background-color);padding:24px 16px;}.footer-inner{text-align:left;display:grid;padding:0;grid-gap:30px;width:100%;}.footer-inner > :not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--vertical-spacing-between-items);}.footer .list{display:flex;justify-content:center;gap:7px;flex-wrap:wrap;}.footer .list__item{margin:0;flex-shrink:0;padding:0;}.footer a{color:var(--background-color);}.footer-inner__first .image-element__img{max-width:280px;}.footer-inner__first, .footer-inner__third{color:var(--background-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:12.4px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:19.2px;}.footer-inner__first .list{justify-content:normal;margin-top:8px;}.footer-inner__third .list{margin:8px 0 30px;justify-content:flex-start;}.copyright, .copyright a{color:var(--borders-color);}.footer .social-links{justify-content:normal;gap:20px;}.footer-links{font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--large-line-height);text-transform:uppercase;gap:57px;display:flex;max-width:300px;white-space:nowrap;}.footer-links .list{flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:nowrap;width:300px;justify-content:flex-start;gap:14px;text-align:left;}.footer-inner__third .footer-inquiries{font-size:14.4px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--large-line-height);margin-top:16px;}.footer-inner__third .footer-inquiries a{display:block;text-decoration:underline;font-weight:bold;}.footer-inner__first .list__item{text-decoration:underline;}.footer-inner__first .list__item:hover, .footer-inner__third .footer-inquiries a:hover{text-decoration:none;}.copyright.desktop{display:none;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.footer-inner{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:flex-start;flex-wrap:wrap;text-align:left;gap:0;width:100%;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.footer{padding:50px 70px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.footer-inner .text-element{margin-top:8px;width:100%;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.footer-inner__first .image-element__img{margin-bottom:30px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.copyright.mobile{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.copyright.desktop{display:block;}}
Lt. Gen. James R. Clapper (Ret.) | Expert - The Cipher Brief
Skip to content
Your Trusted Source for National Security News & Analysis
June 25th, 2025 | 12:39 PM
Former U.S. Director of National Intelligence
Lt. Gen. James Clapper served from 2010 – 2017 as the Director of National Intelligence. He served in two administrations as the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and directed the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), transforming it into the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA).
In the summer of 2016, then-Director of National Intelligence Lt. Gen. James Clapper began to detect a worrisome trend. It was an election year, and he was starting to see an uptick in Russian activity around misinformation and disinformation that went well beyond the usual playbook. Russia had been known to carry out activities using disinformation ahead of previous US elections so it wasn't shocking at first. The then-DNI and other leaders within the Intelligence Community expected a certain amount of ambient Russian activity. But not like what Clapper was seeing starting to play out.
“Russia has a long history of interfering in their own and others’ elections, but never on a scale, aggressiveness, or breadth of scope as they did in our 2016 election,” Clapper told The Cipher Brief last week.
Clapper wrote extensively about what he saw in his 2018 book, Facts and Fears: Hard Truths from a Life in Intelligence , including how Russian hackers began employing tactics around social media and how quickly they were spreading across the accounts of US persons, which introduced a problem for the IC. “The reason we were slow on the uptake in that is that there is a reticence about monitoring U.S. communications, even if they’re publicly available,” Clapper told us.
He still had the details of Edward Snowden’s theft and leaking of intelligence secrets in 2013 fresh in his mind and the clear understanding of how messages about what the government was actually doing, and under what authority, could be easily lost in the media noise.
“After being burnt by Snowden on that sort of thing, I wasn’t as aggressive as I should have been in pushing the community to pay attention to what was going on in social media,” said Clapper.
What Clapper was detecting in 2016 and what it is today, has been fueled by another growing phenomenon of what a recent RAND study refers to as ‘truth decay ’: the diminishing role that facts and analysis have played in America – not just over the course of one presidential administration – but over the last two decades. RAND defines ‘truth decay’ as an increasing disagreement over facts that tends to blur lines between what is someone’s opinion and what is fact and how opinion now seems to have more influence that fact in American society. The downside is that the result has been a decline in trusting what were long considered ‘trusted sources’.
“There is a phenomenon where we disregard facts, empirical data, and objective analysis, and this is only proliferated by social media where people live in different reality bubbles,” Clapper told us. “This problem is not going to be able to be solved by a whole of government approach, it needs a whole of society effort.”
What would the result of that whole-of-society effort look like? Clapper has an idea about that. “The basic format may be modeled after intelligence community products. The PDB [Presidential Daily Brief] could be one format. That would be a one-page article and would certainly be useful. I also think more in-depth products like the NIE [National Intelligence Assessment] would provide more depth. Overall, I would model these products after what the community produces now and there are a variety of formats and templates that could be used for that.”
Let’s talk about it. Read the Background Brief below and then join us Wednesday, February 24 at 1:30p as we get a briefing from Lt. Gen. Clapper on why something like this is needed in today’s intelligence community and what’s at risk if we don’t get this right. Members receive registration links via email. Not a member? That's an easy fix.
Keep reading... Show less
North Korea’s party Congress, held earlier this month, offered some insight into what Leader Kim Jong Un is thinking when it comes to the country’s nuclear ambitions with a Biden Administration now [...]
More
More from Lt. Gen. James R. Clapper (Ret.)
Statecraft and business have always been closely linked, but the advent of digital technology has blurred the roles more than ever. Systems crucial [...]
More 21 June 2017
The NATO Alliance faces an increasingly complex, diffuse threat environment. Consequently, we are always striving toward more integrated intelligence [...]
More 07 July 2016
Load more