");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;padding:0;background-size:16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.breaking--news__banner .posts-custom .widget__headline-text:after{margin-left:8px;}}.search__wrapper{z-index:0;opacity:0;position:fixed;left:0;line-height:40px;display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin:auto;max-width:985px;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:auto;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;}.search__wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;}.search-modal_close-pop-up{position:fixed;right:20px;top:20px;height:40px;width:40px;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:flex-end;}.search__wrapper__inner{max-width:985px;width:100%;display:grid;padding:160px 12px;}.search-modal-heading{padding-bottom:8px;border-width:0;border-style:solid;border-bottom-width:2px;}.search-widget form{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr auto;grid-gap:12px;max-width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.search-widget__input{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;background-color:#fff;padding:0 12px;border-radius:var(--1x, 4px);background-size:15px 15px;background-position:12px;background-repeat:no-repeat;}.search-widget__submit{background-color:var(--brand-red-color);color:#fff;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:var(--replica-pro) !important;}.search-widget__submit{position:relative;width:47px;height:47px;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:24px 24px;}.search-widget__submit.fa:before{display:none;}.search-modal-latest-stories{margin-top:32px;background:#fff;padding:20px;}@media (min-width: 768px){.search-widget__input{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");padding:0 12px 0 40px;}}@media (min-width: 768px){.search-widget__submit{padding:12px 16px;display:inline-flex;border-radius:4px;align-items:center;text-align:center;justify-content:center;background-image:none;width:113px;height:50px;font-family:var(--replica-pro) !important;}}@media (min-width: 768px){.search-widget__submit:after{content:"Search";display:block;}}@media (min-width: 768px){.search__wrapper__inner{margin:auto;}}body:has(.newsletter-element__form .notification) #notification{display:none !important;}.article .body .newsletter-element__form ul li:before{display:none;}.search-widget .show-error .search-widget__input::placeholder{color:#d02b25;opacity:1;}.show-error .search-widget__input::-moz-placeholder{color:#d02b25;}.share-facebook, .share-facebook:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-twitter, .share-twitter:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-linkedin, .share-linkedin:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-instagram, .share-instagram:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-email, .share-email:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-pinterest, .share-pinterest:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-youtube, .share-youtube:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-facebook, .hamburger .share-facebook:hover, .footer .share-facebook, .footer .share-facebook:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-twitter, .hamburger .share-twitter:hover, .footer .share-twitter, .footer .share-twitter:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.share-twitter:hover, .share-tw:hover{background-color:var(--primary-text-color);opacity:1 !important;}.hamburger .share-linkedin, .hamburger .share-linkedin:hover, .footer .share-linkedin, .footer .share-linkedin:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-instagram, .hamburger .share-instagram:hover, .footer .share-instagram, .footer .share-instagram:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-email, .hamburger .share-email:hover, .footer .share-email, .footer .share-email:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-pinterest, .hamburger .share-pinterest:hover, .footer .share-pinterest, .footer .share-pinterest:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.hamburger .share-youtube, .hamburger .share-youtube:hover, .footer .share-youtube, .footer .share-youtube:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");}.social-links.social-links .social-links__link:hover, .sticky-share .widget .widget__shares a:hover, .posts-custom .widget__shares a:hover{background-color:#0000;filter:brightness(0) saturate() invert(25%) sepia(34%) saturate(5144%) hue-rotate(361deg) brightness(82%) contrast(188%);}.footer .social-links.social-links .social-links__link:hover{border-color:#fff;filter:none;}.search-tooltip:after{content:"";display:block;width:15px;height:7px;position:absolute;top:-7px;left:16px;background:url("data:image/svg+xml, ") center no-repeat;}.podcast-teaser .widget__head > a:before{content:"";background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");width:26px;position:absolute;left:10px;bottom:10px;background-repeat:no-repeat;height:26px !important;}.generic-slideshow .posts-custom .slick-arrow:before{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;top:0;margin:auto;font-size:21px;font-weight:400;content:"";width:.45em;height:.45em;border-right:.14em solid #fff;border-top:.14em solid #fff;opacity:1;}.generic-slideshow .posts-custom .slick-arrow.slick-prev:before{transform:rotate(224deg);margin-left:.58em;}.generic-slideshow .posts-custom .slick-arrow.slick-next:before{transform:rotate(45deg);margin-right:.58em;}@media (min-width: 768px){.generic-slideshow .posts-custom .slick-arrow:before{font-size:38px;}}.btn, .search-detail .search-widget__submit, .btn-wrapper > .text-element, .breaking--news__banner .posts-custom .widget__headline-text:after, .keep_reading_link{align-items:center;border-radius:5px;border-style:solid;border-width:2px;display:inline-flex;justify-content:center;padding:8px 16px;text-align:center;text-transform:capitalize;font-family:var(--replica-mono) !important;}.btn:hover, .btn a:hover, .btn-wrapper > .text-element a:hover{text-decoration:none;}.btn.button-load-more, .button-load-more-custom{background-color:var(--brand-red-color);border:0;border-radius:5px;color:var(--background-color);display:block;line-height:20px;font-family:var(--replica-mono);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;margin:16px auto 0;padding:16px;text-align:center;text-transform:capitalize;width:fit-content;}.body-description .widget__show-more{display:none;}.snark-line:has(.keep_reading_link){display:grid;justify-content:center;width:100%;}a.widget__play.js-show-video:hover svg{opacity:1;}.btn.button-load-more{padding:16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.btn, .search-detail .search-widget__submit, .btn-wrapper > .text-element{padding:12px 16px;}}.social-links .social-links__link:hover, .btn:hover, .btn-wrapper > .text-element:hover, .search-widget__submit:hover, .keep_reading_link, .keep_reading_link:hover, .btn.button-load-more:hover, .search_toggle:hover, .widget .widget__shares a:hover, .tags .tags__item:hover, .main-events__carousel a.btn:hover{opacity:.9;text-decoration:none;}.btn:not(.log-in):active, .search-widget__submit:active{background-color:var(--primary-text-color);}.main-events__carousel a.btn:hover{background-color:#0000;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.btn:not(.log-in):hover, .search-widget__submit:hover{background-color:var(--primary-text-color);}}.badge-list-normal .badge:hover{text-decoration:none;}.open-source-report .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .post-page-container .main-column .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .post-page-container .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, [id^="sPost_Satic_Page_Layout"] .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .widget__body:empty, .topbar .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .five-in-a-row .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .podcasts .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{content:none;}.image-on-left .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col .widget__body:not(:last-child), .dead-drop .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{display:none;}.widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .aside-below-post .aside-top-5-module .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .related.related .related__posts.related__posts .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{content:"";outline:1px solid #f0f0f0;line-height:1.4;display:block;aspect-ratio:3 / 2;background-image:url("https://assets.rbl.ms/61181103/origin.png");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;background-position:center;margin-bottom:10px;}.three-in-a-row .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{;}.recirculation_post.recirculation_post .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .related.related .related__posts.related__posts .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{content:"";aspect-ratio:1 / 1;padding:0;background-color:var(--white-color);outline:1px solid #f0f0f0;}.vertical-list .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{width:80px;height:80px;float:right;padding:0;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{order:1;padding:0;}.small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{aspect-ratio:1 / 1;width:80px;padding:0;float:right;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .image-on-left .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{margin-bottom:0;}.widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col a.widget__headline-text:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}.view-all-link:hover svg path{stroke:var(--primary-text-color);}.book-review__item-info a:not(.more-btn):hover{color:var(--brand-red-color);text-decoration:none;}.book-reviews .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{content:none;}:root{--background-color:#fff;--primary-text-color:#11151c;--secondary-text-color:#757575;--tertiary-text-color:#838685;--brand-red-color:#d21c36;--borders-color:#d9d9d6;--blue-color:#0a1430;--large-line-height:1.6;--normal-line-height:1.45;--small-line-height:1.2;--replica-pro:ReplicaPro, sans-serif;--replica-mono:ReplicaMono, sans-serif;--merriweather:Merriweather, serif;}body:has(.topbar-row-3.hidden) .ad-container.leaderboard{border-top:0;padding-top:0;}.search_toggle{height:16px;width:16px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24' fill='none'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M18.319 14.4326C20.7628 11.2941 20.542 6.75347 17.6569 3.86829C14.5327 0.744098 9.46734 0.744098 6.34315 3.86829C3.21895 6.99249 3.21895 12.0578 6.34315 15.182C9.22833 18.0672 13.769 18.2879 16.9075 15.8442C16.921 15.8595 16.9351 15.8745 16.9497 15.8891L21.1924 20.1317C21.5829 20.5223 22.2161 20.5223 22.6066 20.1317C22.9971 19.7412 22.9971 19.1081 22.6066 18.7175L18.364 14.4749C18.3493 14.4603 18.3343 14.4462 18.319 14.4326ZM16.2426 5.28251C18.5858 7.62565 18.5858 11.4246 16.2426 13.7678C13.8995 16.1109 10.1005 16.1109 7.75736 13.7678C5.41421 11.4246 5.41421 7.62565 7.75736 5.28251C10.1005 2.93936 13.8995 2.93936 16.2426 5.28251Z' fill='%2311151C'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-size:18px 18px;}body:not(:has(.leaderboard)) .post-page-container{padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid var(--borders-color);margin-top:16px;}.topbar-row-1{margin-top:24px;}.topbar-row-1-inner{display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:center;}.site-byline-timer-trending{display:grid;}.site-byline{font-family:var(--merriweather);font-size:17.6px;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;line-height:26.4px;margin-bottom:8px;}.site-time{color:var(--secondary-text-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:13.3px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.trending-links, .trending-links .posts-custom, .trending-links ul li a{font-size:14.4px;line-height:21.6px;font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-style:normal;font-weight:400;text-transform:uppercase;display:flex;gap:7px;}.trending-links-heading{color:var(--secondary-text-color);font-size:12.488px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:21.6px;}.trending-links .widget .widget__body{padding:0;}.trending-links ul{display:flex;padding:0;margin:0;gap:11px;list-style:none;}.trending-links ul a{color:var(--brand-red-color);}.topbar-social-n-sign-up{margin-left:auto;display:grid;grid-gap:13px;}.auth-buttons{display:flex;gap:15px;}.auth-buttons .btn{padding:10px;border-radius:5px;border:2px solid var(--brand-red-color);color:var(--White, #fff);text-align:center;font-family:var(--replica-mono);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:20px;}.auth-buttons .sign-up{background-color:var(--brand-red-color);}.auth-buttons .log-in{color:var(--brand-red-color);}.mobile-menu-search-btn-wrapper{display:none;}.auth-buttons .sign-up:hover{background-color:var(--primary-text-color);border-color:var(--primary-text-color);}.auth-buttons .log-in:hover{border:2px solid var(--primary-text-color);color:var(--primary-text-color);}@media (max-width: 1200px){.mobile-menu-search-btn-wrapper{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:20px;margin-left:auto;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-1 .search_toggle, .topbar-row-1 .hamburger__toggle{width:21px;height:21px;order:2;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-1 .search_toggle{background-size:22px;order:-1;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.hamburger__toggle{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml, ");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:21px 19px;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.trending-links{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-social-n-sign-up .sm-mb-2{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar{position:relative;padding-top:30px;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-1{margin-top:0;padding:20px 0;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.auth-buttons{position:absolute;width:100%;top:0;left:0;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;height:30px;gap:0;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.auth-buttons .btn{padding:6px;justify-content:center;height:100%;border-radius:0;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.site-byline-timer-trending{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.site-logo{height:41px;width:auto;}}@media (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 768px){.topbar-row-1{padding:15px 10px;}}.topbar-row-2{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;border-top:1px solid var(--Borders, #d9d9d6);border-bottom:1px solid var(--Borders, #d9d9d6);margin-top:32px;margin-bottom:11px;align-items:center;}.navbar .menu_items{display:flex;gap:17px;align-items:center;justify-content:start;}.navbar .menu_items a{color:var(--primary-text-color);}.navbar .menu_item:hover .text-element a, .navbar .menu__dropdown .list a:hover{color:var(--brand-red-color);}.navbar .menu_item{position:relative;padding:19px 0;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:2px;text-align:center;font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:17px;text-transform:uppercase;}.navbar .menu_item .dropdown-arrow{height:16px;width:16px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;}.navbar .menu_item .dropdown-arrow:after{content:"";width:0;height:0;border-style:solid;border-width:4px 4px 0;border-color:var(--primary-text-color) transparent transparent transparent;transform:rotate(0deg);}.navbar .menu_item:hover .dropdown-arrow:after{border-color:var(--brand-red-color) transparent transparent transparent;transform:rotate(180deg);}.navbar .menu__dropdown{position:absolute;top:43px;left:0;height:auto;pointer-events:none;overflow:hidden;max-height:0;transition:all .4s;opacity:0;padding:5px;margin-left:-5px;}.navbar .menu_item:hover .menu__dropdown{max-height:calc(100vh - 200px);opacity:1;pointer-events:initial;z-index:3;}.navbar .menu__dropdown .list{background:var(--White, #fff);box-shadow:0 0 5.2px #00000040;list-style:none;margin:0;min-width:200px;padding:16px;width:fit-content;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-shrink:0;text-align:left;}.navbar .menu__dropdown .list a{padding:8px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);flex-shrink:0;display:inline-flex;}.navbar .menu__dropdown .list a:last-child{padding-bottom:0;border:0;}.menu_item.trending-item{display:none;}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-2{display:none;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.topbar-row-3{border-top:1px solid var(--borders-color);}}.hamburger{transition:all .4s;padding:24px 24px 120px;transform:translateX(-100%);position:fixed;top:0;z-index:999999;height:100vh;overflow:auto;background-color:var(--primary-text-color);color:#fff;width:312px;}.hamburger a{color:#fff;}.hamburger_inner{display:grid;grid-gap:32px;}.hamburger__menu{display:flex;}.hamburger__menu .trending-item{order:-1;}.hamburger .menu_item{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;border-bottom:1px solid #58606f75;flex-wrap:wrap;}.hamburger .menu_item:first-child{border-top:1px solid #58606f75;}.hamburger .menu_item .text-element{padding:16px 0;position:relative;color:#fff;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:17px;text-transform:uppercase;}.hamburger .menu__dropdown{display:block;width:100%;}.hamburger .dropdown-arrow{display:flex;height:16px;width:16px;align-items:center;margin-left:auto;justify-content:center;}.hamburger .dropdown-arrow:before{margin-left:0;border-style:solid;border-width:4px 4px 0;border-color:#fff #0000 #0000;cursor:pointer;content:"";}.hamburger .active .dropdown-arrow:before{transform:rotate(180deg);}.hamburger .menu__dropdown .list{max-height:0;overflow:hidden;opacity:0;margin:0;list-style:none;}.hamburger .menu__dropdown .list a{width:100%;position:relative;padding:0;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:130%;}.hamburger-social{display:grid;align-items:center;grid-gap:16px;}.hamburger-social .text-element{font-size:14px;line-height:17px;}.hamburger .social-links{justify-content:start;}.footer .social-links__link, .hamburger .social-links__link{height:40px;width:40px;border-radius:20px;border:1px solid #ffffff1a;}.membership-popup{display:none;padding:40px 40px 24px;border:1px solid;width:fit-content;margin:auto;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;max-width:550px;position:fixed;background:#fff;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;max-height:fit-content;z-index:10000000;}.membership-popup img.image-element__img{max-width:190px;}p.welcome-message, p.expired-message{font-family:var(--merriweather);font-size:20px;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;line-height:var(--small-line-height);text-align:center;margin:24px 0 32px;}label.signin-message{font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:20px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:145%;width:100%;margin-bottom:8px;}input#member-email-input{border-radius:5px;border:1px solid var(--borders-color);height:56px;padding:8px 16px;margin-bottom:16px;width:100%;}.membership-popup .btn{padding:10px;border-radius:5px;border:2px solid var(--brand-red-color);color:#fff;text-align:center;font-family:var(--replica-mono);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:20px;background:var(--brand-red-color);transition:all .15s ease-in;margin-bottom:16px;width:100%;outline:none;}.membership-popup .btn.outlined{background-color:#0000;color:var(--brand-red-color);}.membership-popup .btn:hover{border-color:var(--primary-text-color);}.membership-popup .btn.outlined:hover{color:var(--primary-text-color);}.membership-popup:has(input#member-email-input:invalid) input#member-continue-input{cursor:not-allowed;opacity:.8;}button.membership_close-pop-up{position:absolute;right:20px;top:20px;filter:invert();}p.member-signup-wrapper{width:100%;padding:0;margin:0;position:relative;}.member-signup-wrapper:before{content:"→";display:block;position:absolute;top:9px;left:54%;opacity:0;transition:all .15s ease-in;}p.member-signup-wrapper:hover:before{left:59%;opacity:1;}p.error-message{color:var(--brand-red-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:145%;text-align:left;width:100%;}p.expired-message span{font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:145%;display:block;margin-top:8px;}.btn.log-in.unlogged{cursor:pointer;}.member-email-input-wrapper{position:relative;}#email-field-clean{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMTQiIGhlaWdodD0iMTQiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNCAxNCIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj4KPHBhdGggZD0iTTEzLjk5OTkgMS40MUwxMi41ODk5IDBMNi45OTk5NCA1LjU5TDEuNDA5OTQgMEwtNi4xMDM1MmUtMDUgMS40MUw1LjU4OTk0IDdMLTYuMTAzNTJlLTA1IDEyLjU5TDEuNDA5OTQgMTRMNi45OTk5NCA4LjQxTDEyLjU4OTkgMTRMMTMuOTk5OSAxMi41OUw4LjQwOTk0IDdMMTMuOTk5OSAxLjQxWiIgZmlsbD0iIzE5MTkxOSIvPgo8L3N2Zz4K");}#email-field-clean{font-size:0;background-size:15px;background-position:50%;position:absolute;right:15px;top:20px;z-index:10;width:14px;height:14px;background-repeat:no-repeat;cursor:pointer;opacity:0;}.user-profile{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-bottom:20px;row-gap:20px;}.user-profile__image-container{aspect-ratio:1 / 1;max-width:105px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;}.user-profile__image{height:100%;width:100%;object-fit:cover;object-position:top;}.user-profile__info-header{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;}.user-profile__title{color:var(--primary-text-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:20px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:140%;margin:0;}.user-profile__caption{color:var(--primary-text-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:140%;margin:0;}.user-profile__info{display:flex;flex-direction:column;row-gap:10px;}.user-profile__info-body{color:var(--secondary-text-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:16px;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--normal-line-height);}.module-profile{display:grid;}article .body-description{font-size:20px;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col{display:block;}.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{float:right;width:31.4%;margin-left:10px;}.widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .widget__headline{margin-bottom:10px;}.three-in-a-row .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{margin-bottom:10px;}.container.module:has(.module-profile){margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px;}.experts-page .module__heading.module__heading{text-transform:none;}.experts-page .small-items{margin-top:0;padding-top:0;border-top:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.container.module:has(.module-profile){margin-top:24px;margin-bottom:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{margin-left:16px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module-profile{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);grid-template-columns:1fr 426px;padding-bottom:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module__main-column{border-right:1px solid var(--borders-color);padding-right:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module__sidebar{padding-left:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.user-profile{column-gap:20px;flex-direction:row;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.user-profile__image-container{max-height:148px;max-width:148px;min-height:148px;min-width:148px;}}.image-on-right .widget .col{display:grid;gap:10px;grid-template-columns:1fr 43.1%;grid-template-rows:auto 1fr;}.image-on-right .widget{padding-top:16px;}.image-on-right .widget .widget__headline{font-family:var(--merriweather);font-size:17px;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;line-height:var(--small-line-height);display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:5;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden;visibility:visible;}.image-on-right .widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:var(--brand-red-color);text-decoration:none;transition:all .2s;}.image-on-right .widget .body-description{font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:20px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--normal-line-height);}.widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{background-image:url("https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy81OTcwMDUyOS9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTgwNDMzMDc0OX0.HfnDamewKDY4Nw_WQjAv5WXBsGN8oQFThnRAMOB2Hb4/img.jpg");background-position:50% 35%;}@media (max-width: 1023px){.image-on-right-container{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);padding-bottom:16px;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.module__sidebar{padding-top:16px;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.image-on-right .widget__body + .widget__body{float:left;}}@media (max-width: 1023px){.image-on-right .widget:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before{width:153px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget .col{grid-template-columns:1fr 266px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget{padding-top:24px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.image-on-right .widget .widget__headline, .image-on-right .widget .body-description{font-size:20px;}}.module__heading{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);display:flex;gap:10px;font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:24px;font-style:normal;font-weight:850;line-height:var(--small-line-height);margin:0;padding-bottom:16px;}.module__heading:before{background-color:var(--brand-red-color);content:"";height:29px;width:5px;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module__heading{font-size:28px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.module__heading:before{height:34px;}}.three-in-a-row{border-bottom:1px solid var(--borders-color);padding-bottom:16px;margin-bottom:16px;}.three-in-a-row:empty{display:none;}.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:before{content:"";display:block;width:calc(100% + 33px);height:1px;background-color:var(--borders-color);border:solid #fff;border-width:16px 0;}.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(3n):before{width:100%;}.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(1):before{content:none;}@media (max-width: 1023px){.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:before{width:100%;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(2):before, .three-in-a-row .posts-wrapper .widget:nth-child(3):before{content:none;}}.small-items{margin-top:16px;padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid var(--borders-color);}.trending:not(:has(.widget)) .btn.button-load-more{display:none;}.trending:not(:has(.widget)) div{padding:0;margin:0;border:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.body{margin-left:0;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:first-child:not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(2):not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(3):not(:has(.widget__head)) .row .col.col:before, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:first-child .widget__head, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(2) .widget__head, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(3) .widget__head, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:first-child .widget__head img.rm-lazyloadable-image, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(2) .widget__head img.rm-lazyloadable-image, .small-items .three-in-a-row .widget:nth-child(3) .widget__head img.rm-lazyloadable-image{aspect-ratio:3 / 2;height:auto;width:100%;float:none;}}.footer{background-color:var(--blue-color);color:var(--background-color);padding:24px 16px;}.footer-inner{text-align:left;display:grid;padding:0;grid-gap:30px;width:100%;}.footer-inner > :not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--vertical-spacing-between-items);}.footer .list{display:flex;justify-content:center;gap:7px;flex-wrap:wrap;}.footer .list__item{margin:0;flex-shrink:0;padding:0;}.footer a{color:var(--background-color);}.footer-inner__first .image-element__img{max-width:280px;}.footer-inner__first, .footer-inner__third{color:var(--background-color);font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:12.4px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:19.2px;}.footer-inner__first .list{justify-content:normal;margin-top:8px;}.footer-inner__third .list{margin:8px 0 30px;justify-content:flex-start;}.copyright, .copyright a{color:var(--borders-color);}.footer .social-links{justify-content:normal;gap:20px;}.footer-links{font-family:var(--replica-pro);font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--large-line-height);text-transform:uppercase;gap:57px;display:flex;max-width:300px;white-space:nowrap;}.footer-links .list{flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:nowrap;width:300px;justify-content:flex-start;gap:14px;text-align:left;}.footer-inner__third .footer-inquiries{font-size:14.4px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--large-line-height);margin-top:16px;}.footer-inner__third .footer-inquiries a{display:block;text-decoration:underline;font-weight:bold;}.footer-inner__first .list__item{text-decoration:underline;}.footer-inner__first .list__item:hover, .footer-inner__third .footer-inquiries a:hover{text-decoration:none;}.copyright.desktop{display:none;}@media (min-width: 1024px){.footer-inner{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:flex-start;flex-wrap:wrap;text-align:left;gap:0;width:100%;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.footer{padding:50px 70px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.footer-inner .text-element{margin-top:8px;width:100%;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.footer-inner__first .image-element__img{margin-bottom:30px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.copyright.mobile{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.copyright.desktop{display:block;}}
Nancy Patel | Expert - The Cipher Brief
Skip to content
Your Trusted Source for National Security News & Analysis
July 17th, 2025 | 04:06 PM
VP/GM of Public Sector at Immuta
Nancy Patel is VP/GM of Public Sector at Immuta. She holds graduate degrees in Systems Engineering from George Washington University and Business Administration and Management from University of Kentucky (UK) as well as an undergraduate degree in Computer Science from UK.
Nancy Patel is VP/GM of Public Sector at Immuta. She holds graduate degrees in Systems Engineering from George Washington University and Business Administration and Management from University of Kentucky (UK) as well as an undergraduate degree in Computer Science from UK.
PRIVATE SECTOR PERSPECTIVE — It happens more often than it should – a Pentagon data owner, often a manager of a collection platform, has spent months working with an agency analytics team to complete a data sharing Memorandum of Agreement (MOA). Getting all the rules written down, the regulations cited, the policies documented, reviewed, and approved was a heavy lift. Then, add to that the weeks it took to pass the PDF around to the one individual in each organization who was allowed to approve it. Finally, the process is complete, and the data can be shared, often copied from one repository to another. The new repository might be someone’s hard drive, or it might be a second data platform with no data access controls in place at all – allowing anyone to access everything.
Hopefully, the analytics organization will find the time, developers, and money to implement the protections from the MOA – still a PDF signed in ink that one hopes has been stored somewhere safe and not just lost in an overcrowded inbox. This scenario also assumes the information shared remains internal to an organization. If a data owner wants to now share that data outside of the organization… well, forget about it.
If this anecdote appears dramatized, it is not. In a surprising number of cases , the US Government handles and manages data this way, and even with all of these protections in place, we still witness unauthorized disclosures and data leaks. The policies on data protection for information sharing are right, but the implementation of these policies needs further refinement. As data architecture and engineering teams work through the pain of the data sharing compliance process, often taking longer to complete than the creation of the system itself, many observers are left to wonder if it has to be this hard. Has the pendulum swung too far from implementation to process? Have we regulated ourselves into a corner?
Data access controls and policy enforcement have become a check-in-the-box process with a long list of rules and regulations that often get shoved aside in favor of getting data into the hands of consumers faster. Speed of execution is good, but today, this also means that either the data never sees the light of day in the receiving organization – it’s too risky! – or the data is improperly controlled, and it’s up to the consumer to do the right thing. In the current system of paper, informal agreements, and having to throw decisions over the wall to developer teams to implement, how can data consumers be sure that they can trust the data they access?
The DoD’s Data Strategy , released in September 2020, reiterates the Department’s tenet that, for data to be “trustworthy” users must “be confident in all aspects of data for decision-making.” This includes knowing that the data they have in their hands is data they are allowed to see and share. In order for data consumers to be confident in their access to data – as well as their products – they need to know that the policies outlined in compliance documents, MOUs, and MOAs have been properly implemented. In other words, proper policy implementation and enforcement is a good thing, assuming the US Government has a reusable, automated system for implementing these policies both globally and locally.
Keep reading... Show less
More from Nancy Patel
Load more